{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T20:13:08Z","timestamp":1761595988266,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]],"date-time":"2014-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1397088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Consistent, detailed and up-to-date forest resource information is required for allocation of forestry activities and national and international reporting obligations. We evaluated the forest stand attribute prediction accuracy when radargrammetry was used to derive height information from TerraSAR-X stereo imagery. Radargrammetric elevations were normalized to heights above ground using an airborne laser scanning (ALS)-derived digital terrain model (DTM). Derived height metrics were used as predictors in the most similar neighbor (MSN) estimation approach. In total, 207 field measured plots were used in MSN estimation, and the obtained results were validated using 94 stands with an average area of 4.1 ha. The relative root mean square errors for Lorey\u2019s height, basal area, stem volume, and above-ground biomass were 6.7% (1.1 m), 12.0% (2.9 m2\/ha), 16.3% (31.1 m3\/ha), and 16.1% (15.6 t\/ha). Although the prediction accuracies were promising, it should be noted that the predictions included bias. The respective biases were \u22124.6% (\u22120.7 m), \u22126.4% (\u22121.6 m2\/ha), \u22129.3% (\u221217.8 m3\/ha), and \u22129.5% (\u22129.1 t\/ha). With detailed DTM, TerraSAR-X stereo radargrammetry-derived forest information appears to be suitable for providing consistent forest resource information over large areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6043227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]],"date-time":"2014-04-10T11:41:08Z","timestamp":1397130068000},"page":"3227-3246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Prediction of Forest Stand Attributes Using TerraSAR-X Stereo Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6552-9122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikko","family":"Vastaranta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research, Finnish Geodetic Institute,  Masala FI-02431, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0461-3667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikko","family":"Niemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research, Finnish Geodetic Institute,  Masala FI-02431, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Karjalainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research, Finnish Geodetic Institute,  Masala FI-02431, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Masala FI-02431, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jussi","family":"Peuhkurinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbonaut Oy Ltd., Latokartanontie 7 A, Helsinki FI-00700, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ville","family":"Kankare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research, Finnish Geodetic Institute,  Masala FI-02431, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Hyypp\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research, Finnish Geodetic Institute,  Masala FI-02431, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Masala FI-02431, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Holopainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research, Finnish Geodetic Institute,  Masala FI-02431, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"Harmonization of national forest inventories in Europe: Advances under COST action E43","volume":"58","author":"Tomppo","year":"2012","journal-title":"For. Sci"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.14214\/sf.367","article-title":"Landsat TM imagery and high altitude aerial photographs in estimation of forest characteristics","volume":"39","author":"Tuominen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Silva Fenn"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00209-7","article-title":"Estimation and mapping of forest stand density, volume, and cover type using the k-nearest neighbors method","volume":"77","author":"Ek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"409","article-title":"Combining remotely sensed optical and radar data in kNN-estimation of forest variables","volume":"49","author":"Holmstrom","year":"2003","journal-title":"For. Sci"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kellndorfer, J.M., Walker, W., LaPoint, E., Kirsch, K., Bishop, J., and Fiske, G (2010). Statistical fusion of Lidar InSAR, and optical remote sensing data for forest stand height characterization: A regional-scale method based on LVIS, SRTM, Landsat ETM+, and ancillary data sets. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences, 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JG000997"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00071-6","article-title":"Surface lidar remote sensing of basal area and biomass in deciduous forests of eastern Maryland, USA","volume":"67","author":"Lefsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1080\/02827580410019490","article-title":"Estimation of above ground forest biomass from airborne discrete return laser scanner data using canopy-based quantile estimators","volume":"19","author":"Lim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(88)90028-4","article-title":"Estimating forest biomass and volume using airborne laser data","volume":"24","author":"Nelson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"636","article-title":"Forest volume and biomass estimation using small-footprint lidar-distributional parameters on a per-segment basis","volume":"52","author":"Wynne","year":"2006","journal-title":"For. Sci"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2248370","article-title":"TerraSAR-X stereo radargrammetry and airborne scanning LiDAR height metrics in imputation of forest aboveground biomass and stem volume","volume":"52","author":"Vastaranta","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5052257","article-title":"Retrieval of forest aboveground biomass and stem volume with airborne scanning LiDAR","volume":"5","author":"Kankare","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/02827580310019257","article-title":"Practical large-scale forest stand inventory using a small-footprint airborne scanning laser","volume":"19","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00290-5","article-title":"Predicting forest stand characteristics with airborne scanning laser using a practical two-stage procedure and field data","volume":"80","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1080\/02827580410019553","article-title":"Laser scanning of forest resources: The Nordic experience","volume":"19","author":"Gobakken","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-010-0401-4","article-title":"Uncertainty in timber assortment estimates predicted from forest inventory data","volume":"129","author":"Holopainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16738","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1004875107","article-title":"High-resolution forest carbon stocks and emissions in the Amazon","volume":"107","author":"Asner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/wjaf\/26.4.157","article-title":"Using airborne light detection and ranging as a sampling tool for estimating forest biomass resources in the Upper Tanana Valley of Interior Alaska","volume":"26","author":"Andersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"West. J. Appl. For"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1139\/X10-195","article-title":"Model-assisted estimation of biomass in a LiDAR sample survey in Hedmark County, Norway","volume":"41","author":"Gregoire","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"96","article-title":"Model-based inference for biomass estimation in a LiDAR sample survey in Hedmark County, Norway","volume":"41","author":"Holm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.01.025","article-title":"Estimating biomass in Hedmark County, Norway using national forest inventory field plots and airborne laser scanning","volume":"123","author":"Gobakken","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.5589\/m12-049","article-title":"Lidar plots\u2014A new large-area data collection option: Context, concepts, and case study","volume":"38","author":"Wulder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2011.04.007","article-title":"Use of ETM+ images to extend stem volume estimates obtained from LiDAR data","volume":"66","author":"Maselli","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.5589\/m03-032","article-title":"Forest inventory height update through the integration of lidar data with segmented Landsat imagery","volume":"29","author":"Wulder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.05.026","article-title":"Lidar calibration and validation for geometric-optical modeling with Landsat imagery","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4406","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.779041","article-title":"Forest inventory stand height estimates from very high spatial resolution satellite imagery calibrated with lidar plots","volume":"34","author":"Mora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5052308","article-title":"Modeling stand height, volume, and biomass from very high spatial resolution satellite imagery and samples of airborne LiDAR","volume":"5","author":"Mora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2020432","article-title":"Comparing accuracy of airborne laser scanning and TerraSAR-X radar images in the estimation of plot-level forest variables","volume":"2","author":"Holopainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.008","article-title":"Prediction of plot-level forest variables using TerraSAR-X stereo SAR data","volume":"117","author":"Karjalainen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.036","article-title":"Monitoring spruce volume and biomass with InSAR data from TanDEM-X","volume":"139","author":"Solberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5449","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5115449","article-title":"Detection of forest clear-cuts with Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Tandem-X InSAR data","volume":"5","author":"Solberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vastaranta, M., Holopainen, M., Karjalainen, M., Kankare, V., Hyyppa, J., Kaasalainen, S., and Hyyppa, H. (2012, January 22\u201327). SAR Radargrammetry and Scanning LiDAR in Predicting Forest Canopy Height. Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6352752"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6032084","article-title":"Forest variable estimation using radargrammetric processing of TerraSAR-X images in boreal forests","volume":"6","author":"Persson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1083","article-title":"Accuracy analysis of stereo side-looking radar","volume":"45","author":"Leberl","year":"1979","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2037315","article-title":"Assessment of the stereo-radargrammetric mapping potential of TerraSAR-X multibeam spotlight data","volume":"48","author":"Raggam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geosci. Remote Sens. IEEE Trans"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3040792","article-title":"Forest assessment using high resolution SAR data in X-band","volume":"3","author":"Perko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Skogsf\u00f6rs\u00f6ksanstaltens gallringsf\u00f6rs\u00f6k i tallskog","volume":"29","year":"1936","journal-title":"Medd. Fr\u00e5n Statens Skogsf\u00f6rs\u00f6ksanst"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Taper curve and volume functions for pine, spruce and birch [Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Betula pendula, Betula pubescens]","volume":"108","author":"Laasasenaho","year":"1982","journal-title":"Commun. Inst. For. Fenn"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.14214\/sf.236","article-title":"Biomass equations for birch in Finland","volume":"42","author":"Repola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Silva Fenn"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.14214\/sf.184","article-title":"Biomass equations for Scots pine and Norway spruce in Finland","volume":"43","author":"Repola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Silva Fenn"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"111","article-title":"DEM generation from laser scanner data using adaptive TIN models","volume":"33","author":"Axelsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Tomppo, E., Haakana, M., Katila, M., and Per\u00e4saari, J. (2008). Multi-source National Forest Inventory: Methods and Applications, Springer."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"257","article-title":"Estimation of forest stand parameters from airborne laser scanning using calibrated plot databases","volume":"56","author":"Junttila","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Sci"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1109\/34.1000236","article-title":"Mean shift: A robust approach toward feature space analysis","volume":"24","author":"Comaniciu","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Lepp\u00e4nen, V., Tokola, T., Maltamo, M., Meht\u00e4talo, L., Pusa, T., and Mustonen, J. (2008, January 5\u20138). Automatic Delineation of Forest Stands from LIDAR Data. Calgary, AB, Canada."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"337","article-title":"Most similar neighbor: An improved sampling inference procedure for natural resource planning","volume":"41","author":"Moeur","year":"1995","journal-title":"For. Sci"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.01.005","article-title":"The k-MSN method for the prediction of species-specific stand attributes using airborne laser scanning and aerial photographs","volume":"109","author":"Maltamo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.R-project.org."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"367","article-title":"Puustotunnusten laskennallisen ajantasaistuksen luotettavuus\u2013tapaustutkimus Pohjois-Savossa","volume":"4","author":"Vastaranta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mets\u00e4tieteen Aikakauskirja"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.14214\/sf.69","article-title":"Analysing the agreement between an airborne laser scanning based forest inventory and a control inventory\u2014A case study in the state owned forests in Finland","volume":"46","author":"Wallenius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Silva Fenn"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Forest mapping and monitoring using active 3D remote sensing","volume":"144","author":"Vastaranta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diss. For"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2011.10.006","article-title":"Combination of individual tree detection and area-based approach in imputation of forest variables using airborne laser data","volume":"67","author":"Vastaranta","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpl007","article-title":"Estimation of stem volume using laser scanning-based canopy height metrics","volume":"79","author":"Maltamo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.74.11.1335","article-title":"Estimation of forest stand characteristics using spectral histograms derived from an Ikonos Satellite Image","volume":"74","author":"Peuhkurinen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1109\/36.974996","article-title":"Effects of stand size on the accuracy of remote sensing-based forest inventory","volume":"39","author":"Hyyppa","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1080\/02827581.2012.686625","article-title":"Forest variable estimation using photogrammetric matching of digital aerial images in combination with a high-resolution DEM","volume":"27","author":"Bohlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5589\/m13-046","article-title":"Airborne laser scanning and digital stereo imagery measures of forest structure: Comparative results and implications to forest mapping and inventory update","volume":"39","author":"Vastaranta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/4\/3227\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:10:08Z","timestamp":1760217008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/4\/3227"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6043227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6043227","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]]}}}