{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T22:39:37Z","timestamp":1766011177556,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,11]],"date-time":"2014-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1397174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a new approach for roof facet segmentation based on ridge detection and hierarchical decomposition along ridges. The proposed approach exploits the fact that every roof can be composed of a set of gabled roofs and single facets which are separated by the gabled roofs. In this work, firstly, building footprints stored in OpenStreetMap are used to extract 3D points on roofs. Then, roofs are segmented into roof facets. The algorithm starts with detecting roof ridges using RANSAC since they are parallel to the horizon and situated on the top of the roof. The roof ridges are utilized to indicate the location and direction of the gabled roof. Thus, points on the two roof facets along a roof ridge can be identified based on their connectivity and coplanarity. The results of the segmentation benefit the further process of roof reconstruction because many parameters, including the position, angle and size of the gabled roof can be calculated and used as priori knowledge for the model-driven approach, and topologies among the point segments are made known for the data-driven approach. The algorithm has been validated in the test sites of two towns next to Bavaria Forest national park. The experimental results show that building roofs can be segmented with both high correctness and completeness simultaneously.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6043284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,11]],"date-time":"2014-04-11T08:09:54Z","timestamp":1397203794000},"page":"3284-3301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Segmentation of Sloped Roofs from Airborne LiDAR Point Clouds Using Ridge-Based Hierarchical Decomposition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Hongchao","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GIScience Research Group, Heidelberg University, Berliner Str. 48, Heidelberg 69120, Germany"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Acisstr. 21, Munich 80333, Germany"},{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and GeoInfomatic, Tongji University, Sipinglu 1239, Shanghai 200092, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roux, M., and McKeown, D.M. (1994, January 21\u201323). Feature Matching for Building Extraction from Multiple Views. Menterey, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1994.323809"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J.-W., Sun, J., Yao, W., and Stilla, U. (2011, January 11\u201313). Building Boundary Improvement for True Orthophoto Generation by Fusing Airborne LiDAR Data. Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/JURSE.2011.5764735"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"586","article-title":"Fusion of LIDAR data and optical imagery for building modelling","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3081553","article-title":"Extracting buildings from true color stereo aerial images using a decision making strategy","volume":"3","author":"Tarantino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C., Huertas, A., and Nevatia, R. (1994, January 21\u201323). Detection of Buildings Using Perceptual Grouping and Shadows. Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1994.323811"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Jaynes, C., Marengoni, M., Hanson, A., Riseman, E., and Schultz, H. (, January May). Knowledge-Directed Reconstruction from Multiple Aerial Images. New Orleans, LA, USA. Volume II,."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1109\/34.922708","article-title":"Detection and modeling of buildings from multiple aerial images","volume":"23","author":"Noronha","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-010-9456-1","article-title":"An automation system of rooftop detection and 3D building modeling from aerial images","volume":"62","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1998.0721","article-title":"Extracting buildings from aerial images using hierarchical aggregation in 2D and 3D","volume":"72","author":"Fischer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Suveg, I., and Vosselman, G. (2002). Automatic 3D building reconstruction. Proc. SPIE."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3390\/s110100228","article-title":"Featureless approach to 3D polyhedral building modeling from aerial images","volume":"11","author":"Hammoudi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"17","article-title":"Extracting buildings from digital surface models","volume":"32","author":"Brunn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2163823","article-title":"Extraction of building roof contours from lidar data using a Markov random field based approach","volume":"50","author":"Galvanin","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"59","article-title":"Performance evaluation for 3-D city model generation of six different DSMs from air and spaceborne sensors","volume":"5","author":"Sirmacek","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"187","article-title":"Building reconstruction from images and laser scanning","volume":"6","author":"Brenner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"87","article-title":"Building reconstruction using planar faces in very high density height data","volume":"32","author":"Vosselman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2010.09.006","article-title":"An update on automatic 3D building reconstruction","volume":"65","author":"Haala","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Fritsch, D., and Spiller, R. (1999). Photogrammetric Week 99\u2019, Wichmann Verlag."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"37","article-title":"3D building model reconstruction from point clouds and ground plans","volume":"34","author":"Vosselman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Infor. Sci"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Alharthy, A., and Bethel, J. (2002, January 9\u201313). Heuristic Filtering and 3D Feature Extraction from Lidar Data. Graz, Austria."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, S., Hu, J., Neumann, U., and Fox, P. (2003, January 18\u201321). Urban Site Modeling from Lidar. Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44842-X_59"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Rottensteiner, F., and Briese, C. (2003, January 8\u201310). Automatic Generation of Building Models from LiDAR Data and the Integration of Aerial Images. Dresden, Germany. Volume XXXIV."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2003.1242383","article-title":"Approaches to large-scale urban modeling","volume":"23","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2011.10.003","article-title":"3D building reconstruction based on given ground plan information and surface models extracted from spaceborne imagery","volume":"67","author":"Tack","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2003.1242381","article-title":"Automatic generation of high-quality building models from LiDAR data","volume":"23","author":"Rottensteiner","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7323","DOI":"10.3390\/s8117323","article-title":"A comprehensive automated 3D approach for building extraction, reconstruction, and regularization from airborne laser scanning point clouds","volume":"8","author":"Dorninger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(99)00004-0","article-title":"Two algorithms for extracting building models from raw laser altimetry data","volume":"54","author":"Maas","year":"1999","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"97","article-title":"Extended RANSAC algorithm for automatic detection of building roof planes from LiDAR data","volume":"21","author":"Landes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photogramm. J. Finl"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2171974","article-title":"Simultaneous calibration of ALS systems and alignment of multiview LiDAR scans of urban areas","volume":"50","author":"Hebel","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5944","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5115944","article-title":"Knowledge-based modeling of buildings in dense urban areas by combining airborne LiDAR data and aerial images","volume":"5","author":"Susaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.02.004","article-title":"A generative statistical approach to automatic 3D building roof reconstruction from laser scanning data","volume":"79","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Kada, M. (2007, January 19\u201323). Scale-Dependent Simplification of 3D Building Models Based on Cell Decomposition and Primitive Instancing. Melbourne, Australiia."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Haala, N., Becker, S., and Kada, M. (2006, January 20\u201322). Cell Decomposition for the Generation of Building Models at Multiple Scales. Bonn, Germany."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.11.004","article-title":"Model driven reconstruction of roofs from sparse LiDAR point clouds","volume":"76","author":"Henn","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6101","DOI":"10.3390\/s90806101","article-title":"Building reconstruction by target based graph matching on incomplete laser data: Analysis and limitations","volume":"9","author":"Vosselman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, V., Kumar, R., and Hsu, S. (, 2006). 3D Building Detection and Modeling from Aerial LiDAR Data. New York, NY, USA. Volume 2,.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2006.12"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2011.02.007","article-title":"Building roof modelling from airborne laser scanning data based on level set approach","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2030180","article-title":"Segmentation and reconstruction of polyhedral building roofs from aerial LiDAR point clouds","volume":"48","author":"Sampath","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Zhou, Q.-Y., and Neumann, U. (2012, January 16\u201321). 2.5D Building Modeling by Discovering Global Regularities. Providence, RI, USA."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"221","article-title":"Automated delineation of roof planes in LiDAR data","volume":"36","author":"Rottensteiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1145\/358669.358692","article-title":"Random sample consensus: A paradigm for modelling fitting with applications to image analysis and automated cartography","volume":"24","author":"Fischer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1145\/331499.331504","article-title":"Data clustering: A review","volume":"31","author":"Jain","year":"1999","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Duda, R.O., Hart, P.E., and Stork, D.G. (2001). Pattern Classification, Wiley. [2nd ed]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kogan, J., Nicholas, C., and Teboulle, M. (2006). Grouping Multidimensional Data: Recent Advances in Clustering, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-28349-8"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2013.867495","article-title":"Quality assessment of building footprints data on OpenStreetMap","volume":"28","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rottensteiner, F., Sohn, G., Gerke, M., Wegner, J.D., Breitkopf, U., and Jung, J. (2014). Results of the ISPRS benchmark on urban object detection and 3D building reconstruction. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.10.004"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/4\/3284\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:10:12Z","timestamp":1760217012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/4\/3284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,11]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6043284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6043284","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,11]]}}}