{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T04:47:12Z","timestamp":1783745232472,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]],"date-time":"2014-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rain Use Efficiency (RUE), defined as Aboveground Net Primary Production (ANPP) divided by rainfall, is increasingly used to diagnose land degradation. Yet, the outcome of RUE monitoring has been much debated since opposite results were found about land degradation in the Sahel region. The debate is fueled by methodological issues, especially when using satellite remote sensing data to estimate ANPP, and by differences in the ecological interpretation. An alternative method which solves part of these issues relies on the residuals of ANPP regressed against rainfall (\u201cANPP residuals\u201d). In this paper, we use long-term field observations of herbaceous vegetation mass collected in the Gourma region in Mali together with remote sensing data (GIMMS-3g Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) to estimate ANPP, RUE, and the ANPP residuals, over the period 1984\u20132010. The residuals as well as RUE do not reveal any trend over time over  the Gourma region, implying that vegetation is resilient over that period, when data  are aggregated at the Gourma scale. We find no conflict between field-derived and satellite-derived results in terms of trends. The nature (linearity) of the ANPP\/rainfall relationship is investigated and is found to have no impact on the RUE and residuals interpretation. However, at odds with a stable RUE, an increased run-off coefficient has been observed in the area over the same period, pointing towards land degradation. The divergence of these two indicators of ecosystem resilience (stable RUE) and land degradation (increasing run-off coefficient) is referred to as the \u201csecond Sahelian paradox\u201d. When shallow soils and deep soils are examined separately, high resilience is diagnosed on the deep soil sites. However, some of the shallow soils show signs of degradation, being characterized by decreasing vegetation cover and increasing run-off coefficient. Such results show that contrasted changes may co-exist within a region where a strong overall re-greening pattern is observed, highlighting that both the scale of observations and the scale of the processes have to be considered when performing assessments of vegetation changes and land degradation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6043446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]],"date-time":"2014-04-22T12:18:37Z","timestamp":1398169117000},"page":"3446-3474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Rain-Use-Efficiency: What it Tells us about the Conflicting Sahel Greening and Sahelian Paradox"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Dardel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, UMR 5563 (CNRS\/UPS\/IRD\/CNES), 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Kergoat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, UMR 5563 (CNRS\/UPS\/IRD\/CNES), 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Hiernaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, UMR 5563 (CNRS\/UPS\/IRD\/CNES), 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Grippa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, UMR 5563 (CNRS\/UPS\/IRD\/CNES), 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Mougin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, UMR 5563 (CNRS\/UPS\/IRD\/CNES), 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Ciais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), UMR 8212 (CNRS\/CEA\/UVSQ\/), F-91190 Gif Sur Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cam-Chi","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, UMR 5563 (CNRS\/UPS\/IRD\/CNES), 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02561","article-title":"Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency","volume":"429","author":"Huxman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2012.01420.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis of ANPP and rain-use efficiency confirms indicative value for degradation and supports non-linear response along precipitation gradients in drylands","volume":"23","author":"Ruppert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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