{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T10:52:49Z","timestamp":1775472769793,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,25]],"date-time":"2014-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advanced techniques of multi-temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) represent a valuable tool in ground subsidence studies allowing remote investigation of the behavior of mass movements in long time intervals by using large datasets of SAR images covering the same area and acquired at different epochs. Beijing is susceptible to subsidence, producing undesirable environmental impacts and affecting dense population. Excessive groundwater withdrawal is thought to be the primary cause of land subsidence, and rapid urbanization and economic development, mass construction of skyscrapers, highways and underground engineering facilities (e.g., subway) are also contributing factors. In this paper, a spatial\u2013temporal analysis of the land subsidence in Beijing was performed using one of the MT-InSAR techniques, referred to as Small Baseline Subset (SBAS). This technique allows monitoring the temporal evolution of a deformation phenomenon, via the generation of mean deformation velocity maps and displacement time series from a data set of acquired SAR images. 52 C-band ENVISAT ASAR images acquired from June 2003 to August 2010 were used to produce a linear deformation rate map and to derive time series of ground deformation. The results show that there are three large subsidence funnels within this study area, which separately located in Balizhuang-Dajiaoting in Chaoyang district, Wangjing-Laiguangying Chaoyang district, Gaoliying Shunyi district. The maximum settlement center is Wangsiying-Tongzhou along the Beijing express; the subsidence velocity exceeds 110 mm\/y in the LOS direction. In particular, we compared the achieved results with leveling measurements that are assumed as reference. The estimated long-term subsidence results obtained by SBAS approach agree well with the development of the over-exploitation of ground water, indicating that SBAS techniques is adequate for the retrieval of land subsidence in Beijing from multi-temporal SAR data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6053648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]],"date-time":"2014-04-28T05:15:00Z","timestamp":1398662100000},"page":"3648-3661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Long-Term Land Subsidence Monitoring of Beijing (China) Using the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8559-9643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamical Geodesy, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}]},{"given":"Han-Sheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamical Geodesy, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}]},{"given":"Yong-Ling","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Dynamical Geodesy, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}]},{"given":"Jian-Guo","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Harbin 150050, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-013-1582-z","article-title":"Monitoring of the reclamation-induced ground subsidence in Macao (China) using the PSInSAR technique","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cent. South. Univ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2007.07.013","article-title":"Subsidence in the geothermal fields of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand from 1996 to 2005 measured by InSAR","volume":"166","author":"Hole","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"243","article-title":"Measuring two-dimensional deformation using a single InSAR pair","volume":"4","author":"Bo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Inf. Sci. Serv"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2191146","article-title":"Mexico city subsidence measured by InSAR time series: Joint analysis using PS and SBAS approaches","volume":"5","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2010.10.004","article-title":"Ground settlement monitoring based on temporarily coherent points between two SAR acquisitions","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.810675","article-title":"A least squares database approach for SAR interferometric data","volume":"41","author":"Usai","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.828196","article-title":"A small-baseline approach for investigating deformations on full-resolution differential SAR interferograms","volume":"42","author":"Lanari","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021294","article-title":"Satellite radar interferometry time series analysis of surface deformation for Los Angeles, California","volume":"31","author":"Lanari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1083","article-title":"Time-series analysis of subsidence associated with rapid urbanization in Shanghai, China measured with SBAS InSAR method","volume":"10","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Beijing Troubled by Severe Water Shortage. Available online: http:\/\/www.bjd.com.cn\/beijingnews\/200912\/t20091222_552289.htm."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-011-0525-4","article-title":"Monitoring ground deformation in Beijing, China with persistent scatterer SAR interferometry","volume":"86","author":"Ge","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geod"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"244","article-title":"The monitoring system and technologies of land subsidence in Beijing","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geol. Resour"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"20","article-title":"Analysis and outlook of the land subsidence in Beijing","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geol. Resour"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H.L., Fang, J., Guo, X., Cheng, J., Xia, Y., Ge, D., Zhang, L., Qiu, Y., and Chang, Z. (2010, January 25\u201330). Detection of Land Subsidence in Beijing, China, Using Interferometric Point Target Analysis Technique. Hawaii, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2010.5652841"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"38","article-title":"The impacts of land subsidence on city build of Beijing","volume":"1","author":"Jia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urban Geol"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"20","article-title":"The impacts of ground subsidence on urban construction in Beijing","volume":"2","author":"Jia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geol. Disaster"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"11","article-title":"Analyses of ground settling in the eastern suburbs of Beijing","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geotech. Eng. Field"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.814657","article-title":"Linear and nonlinear terrain deformation maps from a reduced set of interferometric SAR images","volume":"41","author":"Mora","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(02)00195-3","article-title":"Monitoring landslides and tectonic motions with the Permanent Scatterers Technique","volume":"68","author":"Colesanti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eng. Geol"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Shallow Groundwater Depression Cone Distribution Map of North China Plain. Available online: http:\/\/old.cgs.gov.cn\/NEWS\/Geology%20News\/2005\/20050826\/."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/5\/3648\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:10:43Z","timestamp":1760217043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/5\/3648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,25]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6053648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6053648","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,25]]}}}