{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T22:10:55Z","timestamp":1762639855690,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]],"date-time":"2014-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Whilst most hedgerow functions depend upon hedgerow structure and hedgerow network patterns, in many ecological studies information on the fragmentation of hedgerows network and canopy structure is often retrieved in the field in small areas using accurate ground surveys and estimated over landscapes in a semi-quantitative manner. This paper explores the use of radar SAR imagery to (i) detect hedgerow networks; and  (ii) describe the hedgerow canopy heterogeneity using TerraSAR-X imagery. The extraction of hedgerow networks was achieved using an object-oriented method using two polarimetric parameters: the Single Bounce and the Shannon Entropy derived from one TerraSAR-X image. The hedgerow canopy heterogeneity estimated from field measurements was compared with two backscattering coefficients and three polarimetric parameters derived from the same image. The results show that the hedgerow network and its fragmentation can be identified with a very good accuracy (Kappa index: 0.92). This study also reveals the high correlation between one polarimetric parameter, the Shannon entropy, and the canopy fragmentation measured in the field. Therefore, VHSR radar images can both precisely detect the presence of wooded hedgerow networks and characterize their structure, which cannot be achieved with optical images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6053752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]],"date-time":"2014-04-28T11:40:09Z","timestamp":1398685209000},"page":"3752-3769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Detection and Characterization of Hedgerows  Using TerraSAR-X Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Betbeder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LETG Rennes COSTEL UMR 6554 LETG\/OSUR, Universit\u00e9 Rennes 2, Place du recteur Henri Le Moal, Rennes Cedex 35043, France"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Nabucet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LETG Rennes COSTEL UMR 6554 LETG\/OSUR, Universit\u00e9 Rennes 2, Place du recteur Henri Le Moal, Rennes Cedex 35043, France"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Pottier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IETR UMR CNRS 6164, Universit\u00e9 de Rennes 1, Campus Beaulieu-b\u00e2t 11D,  263, av du g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Leclerc, CS 74205, Rennes Cedex 35042, France"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Baudry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRA SAD-PAYSAGE, 65, rue de St-Brieuc CS 84215, Rennes Cedex 35042, France"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Corgne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LETG Rennes COSTEL UMR 6554 LETG\/OSUR, Universit\u00e9 Rennes 2, Place du recteur Henri Le Moal, Rennes Cedex 35043, France"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Hubert-Moy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LETG Rennes COSTEL UMR 6554 LETG\/OSUR, Universit\u00e9 Rennes 2, Place du recteur Henri Le Moal, Rennes Cedex 35043, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01871575","article-title":"Hedgerows and hedgerow networks in landscape ecology","volume":"8","author":"Forman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Environ. Manag"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-012-9534-4","article-title":"Landscape grammar: A method to analyse and design hedgerows and networks","volume":"87","author":"Larcher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agrofor. Syst"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1006\/jema.2000.0358","article-title":"Hedgerows: An international perspective on their origin, function and management","volume":"60","author":"Baudry","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00130028","article-title":"Effect of landscape structure and dynamics on species diversity in hedgerow networks","volume":"6","author":"Burel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, P.K.R., Rao, M.R., and Buck, L.E. (2004). New Vistas in Agroforestry, Springer Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-2424-1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2007.04.018","article-title":"Relationship between shelterbelt structure and mean wind reduction","volume":"145","author":"Torita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1006\/jema.2000.0363","article-title":"Hedgerows as habitat for woodland plants","volume":"60","author":"McCollin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1006\/jema.2000.0360","article-title":"The influence of hedge structure, management and landscape context on the value of hedgerows to birds: A review","volume":"60","author":"Hinsley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2046(00)00084-0","article-title":"A holistic landscape ecological study of the interactions between farming activities and ecological patterns in Brittany, France","volume":"50","author":"Baudry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2007). Hedgerow Survey Handbook. A Standard Procedure for Local Surveys in the UK, Defra."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"525","article-title":"Automatic extraction and evaluation of geological linear features from digital remote sensing data using a hough transform","volume":"62","author":"Karnieli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Li, L., Mao, F., Qian, W., and Clarke, L.P. (1997, January 26\u201329). Wavelet Transform for Directional Feature Extraction in Medical Imaging. Santa Barbara, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2010.12.018","article-title":"The use of remote sensing in soil and terrain mapping\u2014A review","volume":"162","author":"Mulder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00129828","article-title":"Structural dynamic of a hedgerow network landscape in Brittany France","volume":"4","author":"Burel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.06.002","article-title":"Remote sensing of small and linear features: Quantifying the effects of patch size and length, grid position and detectability on land cover mapping","volume":"113","author":"Lechner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vannier, C., and Hubert-Moy, L. (2010, January 13\u201318). Wooded Hedgerows Characterization in Rural Landscape Using Very High Spatial Resolution Satellite Images. Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2010.5651636"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aksoy, S., Akcay, G., Cinbis, G., and Wassenaar, T. (2008, January 7\u201311). Automatic Mapping of Linearwoody Vegetation Features in Agricultural Landscapes. Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2008.4779743"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2008.08.004","article-title":"Object-oriented classification of very high resolution airborne imagery for the extraction of hedgerows and field margin cover in agricultural areas","volume":"29","author":"Tansey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-160X(02)00053-5","article-title":"Applicability of landscape metrics for the monitoring of landscape change: Issues of scale, resolution and interpretability","volume":"2","author":"Lausch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fauvel, M., Sheeren, D., Chanussot, J., and Benediktsson, J.A. (2012, January 22\u201327). Hedges Detection Using Local Directional Features and Support Vector Data Description. Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6351030"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-013-9599-8","article-title":"Recognition of shelterbelt continuity using remote sensing and waveform recognition","volume":"87","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agrofor. Syst"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2012.10.004","article-title":"Capabilities of high resolution satellite radar for the detection of semi-natural habitat structures and grasslands in agricultural landscapes","volume":"13","author":"Bargiel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2008.10.018","article-title":"Quantification of shelterbelt characteristics using high-resolution imagery","volume":"131","author":"Wiseman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2012.05.014","article-title":"Using satellite image data to estimate aboveground shelterbelt carbon stocks across an agricultural landscape","volume":"156","author":"Czerepowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.01.026","article-title":"PROSPECT + SAIL models: A review of use for vegetation characterization","volume":"113","author":"Jacquemoud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.06.011","article-title":"A voxel-based lidar method for estimating crown base height for deciduous and pine trees","volume":"112","author":"Popescu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"646","article-title":"Multi-level filtering segmentation to measure individual tree parameters based on Lidar data: Application to a mountainous forest with heterogeneous stands","volume":"13","author":"Durrieu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"152","article-title":"Exploring full-waveform LiDAR parameters for tree species classification","volume":"13","author":"Heinzel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2004). Ecognition Professional: User Guide 4, Definiens Imaging Gmbh."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burel, F., and Baudry, J. (2003). Landscape Ecology: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, Science Publishers.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439844175"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-011-9626-y","article-title":"Multiscale ecological assessment of remote sensing images","volume":"26","author":"Vannier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulaby, F.T. (1990). Radar Polarimetry for Geoscience Applications, Artech House Inc.","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049009354274"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.03.004","article-title":"An integrated approach to hydro-geological lineament mapping of a semi-arid region of West Africa using Radarsat-1 and GIS","volume":"114","author":"Corgne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.04.005","article-title":"Potential of SAR sensors TerraSAR-X, ASAR\/ENVISAT and PALSAR\/ALOS for monitoring sugarcane crops on Reunion Island","volume":"113","author":"Baghdadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"TerraSAR-X Ground Segment Level 1b Product Format Specification. Available online: http:\/\/www2.astrium-geo.com\/files\/pmedia\/public\/r460_9_030201_level-1b-product-format-specification_1.3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-664X(81)80005-6","article-title":"Speckle analysis and smoothing of synthetic aperture radar images","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"1981","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Image Process"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pottier, E. (2010, January 25\u201330). Recent Advances in the Development of the Open Source Toolbox for Polarimetric and Interferometric Polarimetric SAR Data Processing: The PolSARpro v4.1.5 Software. Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2010.5652401"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Lee, J.-S., and Pottier, E. (2009). Polarimetric Radar Imaging: From Basics to Applications, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.23.003036","article-title":"Shannon entropy of partially polarized and partially coherent light with Gaussian fluctuations","volume":"23","author":"Morio","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Bargiel, D., Herrmann, S., Lohmann, P., S\u00f6rgel, U., Wagner, W., and Szekely, B. (2010, January 5\u20137). Land Use Classification with High-resolution Satellite Radar for Estimating the Impacts of Land-Use Change on the Quality of Ecosystem Services. Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3071308","article-title":"Towards detecting swath events in Terrasar-x time series to establish natura 2000 grassland habitat swath management as monitoring parameter","volume":"3","author":"Schuster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.5589\/m12-017","article-title":"One year wetland survey investigations from quad-pol RADARSAT-2 time-series SAR images","volume":"38","author":"Marechal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90048-B","article-title":"A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data","volume":"37","author":"Congalton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892997000088","article-title":"A review of methods for the assessment of prediction errors in conservation presence\/absence models","volume":"24","author":"Fielding","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Hastier, T., Tibshirani, R., and Friedman, J. (2009). The Elements of Statistical Learning\u2014Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, Springer Series in Statistics. [2nd ed]."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2006.05.025","article-title":"Comparing species abundance models","volume":"199","author":"Potts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Model"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4979","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903022928","article-title":"Discriminating small wooded elements in rural landscape from aerial photography: A hybrid pixel\/object-based analysis approach","volume":"30","author":"Sheeren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Roth, A., Eineder, M., and Sch\u00e4ttler, B. (2003, January 6\u20138). TerraSAR-X: A New Perspective for Applications Requiring High Resolution Spaceborne SAR Data. Hannover, Germany."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2006.0906-7590.04135.x","article-title":"The species-area relationship in the hoverfly (Diptera, Syrphidae) communities of forest fragments in southern France","volume":"29","author":"Ouin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00130031","article-title":"Modelling bird communities\/landscape patterns relationships in a rural area of South-Western France","volume":"6","author":"Balent","year":"1992","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1995.09061559.x","article-title":"Bandas de lineales vegetaci\u00f3n de selvas tropicales como potenciales corredores dispersores para insectos de la selva tropical","volume":"9","author":"Hill","year":"1995","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(97)00186-5","article-title":"A simulation experiment on the potential of hedgerows as movement corridors for forest carabids","volume":"106","author":"Tischendorf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecol. Model"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Baudry, J., and Jouin, A. (2003). De la haie aux Bocages Organisation, Dynamique et Gestion, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/5\/3752\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:10:46Z","timestamp":1760217046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/5\/3752"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6053752"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6053752","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]]}}}