{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T13:51:45Z","timestamp":1782395505566,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]],"date-time":"2014-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Temperature is a main driver for most ecological processes, and temperature time series provide key environmental indicators for various applications and research fields. High spatial and temporal resolutions are crucial for detailed analyses in various fields of research. A disadvantage of temperature data obtained by satellites is the occurrence of gaps that must be reconstructed. Here, we present a new method to reconstruct high-resolution land surface temperature (LST) time series at the continental scale gaining 250-m spatial resolution and four daily values per pixel. Our method constitutes a unique new combination of weighted temporal averaging with statistical modeling and spatial interpolation. This newly developed reconstruction method has been applied to greater Europe, resulting in complete daily coverage for eleven years. To our knowledge, this new reconstructed LST time series exceeds the level of detail of comparable reconstructed LST datasets by several orders of magnitude. Studies on emerging diseases, parasite risk assessment and temperature anomalies can now be performed on the continental scale, maintaining high spatial and temporal detail. We illustrate a series of applications in this paper. Our dataset is available online for download as time aggregated derivatives for direct usage in GIS-based applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6053822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]],"date-time":"2014-04-28T11:40:09Z","timestamp":1398685209000},"page":"3822-3840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Surface Temperatures at the Continental Scale: Tracking Changes with Remote Sensing at Unprecedented Detail"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Metz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GIS and Remote Sensing Unit, Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1,  38010 S. Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0087-0594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duccio","family":"Rocchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIS and Remote Sensing Unit, Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1,  38010 S. Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1916-1966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Neteler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIS and Remote Sensing Unit, Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1,  38010 S. Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-3004(03)00082-7","article-title":"Characterising and mapping vineyard canopy using high-spatial-resolution aerial multispectral images","volume":"29","author":"Hall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.5424\/sjar\/2009074-1092","article-title":"Review. Precision viticulture. Research topics, challenges and opportunities in site-specific vineyard management","volume":"7","author":"Rosell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Span. J. Agric. Res"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albright, T.P., Pidgeon, A.M., Rittenhouse, C.D., Clayton, M.K., Wardlow, B.D., Flather, C.H., Culbert, P.D., and Radeloff, V.C. (2010). Combined effects of heat waves and droughts on avian communities across the conterminous United States. Ecosphere, 1, doi: org\/10.1890\/ES10-00057.1.","DOI":"10.1890\/ES10-00057.1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neteler, M., Roiz, D., Rocchini, D., Castellani, C., and Rizzoli, A. (2011). Terra and Aqua satellites track tiger mosquito invasion: Modeling the potential distribution of Aedes albopictus in north-eastern Italy. Int. J. Health Geogr, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-10-49"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0138","article-title":"Suitability of European climate for the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus: Recent trends and future scenarios","volume":"9","author":"Caminade","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, S.M., Obermayr, U., Fischer, D., Kreyling, J., and Beierkuhnlein, C. (2012). Low-temperature threshold for egg survival of a post-diapause and non-diapause European aedine strain, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit. Vectors, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-100"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/met.287","article-title":"Remote sensing land surface temperature for meteorology and climatology: A review","volume":"18","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/416389a","article-title":"Ecological responses to recent climate change","volume":"416","author":"Walther","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.06.026","article-title":"New refinements and validation of the MODIS Land-Surface Temperature\/Emissivity products","volume":"112","author":"Wan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.09.012","article-title":"Evaluating MODIS data for mapping wildlife habitat distribution","volume":"112","author":"Bearer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2008.11.003","article-title":"Demonstration of a satellite-based index to monitor habitat at continental-scales","volume":"9","author":"Coops","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.09.010","article-title":"Hierarchical mapping of Northern Eurasian land cover using MODIS data","volume":"115","author":"Friedl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3390\/rs1020333","article-title":"Estimating daily Land Surface Temperatures in mountainous environments by reconstructed MODIS LST data","volume":"2","author":"Neteler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scharlemann, J.P., Benz, D., Hay, S.I., Purse, B.V., Tatem, A.J., Wint, G.R., and Rogers, D.J. (2008). Global data for ecology and epidemiology: A novel algorithm for temporal Fourier processing MODIS data. PLoS One, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001408"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.802519","article-title":"Seasonality extraction by function fitting to time-series of satellite sensor data","volume":"40","author":"Eklundh","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701294653","article-title":"Estimating afternoon MODIS land surface temperatures (LST) based on morning MODIS overpass, location and elevation information","volume":"28","author":"Coops","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.12.019","article-title":"A daily merged MODIS Aqua\u2013Terra land surface temperature data set for the conterminous United States","volume":"119","author":"Crosson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600209814","article-title":"Reconstructing cloudfree NDVI composites using Fourier analysis of time series","volume":"21","author":"Roerink","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-011-0464-2","article-title":"Spatio-temporal prediction of daily temperatures using time-series of MODIS LST images","volume":"107","author":"Hengl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"128","article-title":"Evaluation of estimating daily maximum and minimum air temperature with MODIS data in east Africa","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.04.024","article-title":"Estimating air surface temperature in Portugal using MODIS LST data","volume":"124","author":"Benali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"81","article-title":"Agrometeorology and models for the parasite cycle forecast","volume":"48","author":"Pasotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"149","article-title":"A review of the invasion of Drosophila suzukii in Europe and a draft research agenda for integrated pest management","volume":"65","author":"Cini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Insectol"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haylock, M.R., Hofstra, N., Tank, A.M.G.K., Klok, E.J., Jones, P.D., and New, M. (2008). A European daily high-resolution gridded data set of surface temperature and precipitation for 1950\u20132006. J. Geophys. Res, 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD010201"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1181","article-title":"An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids","volume":"25","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2003.12.003","article-title":"Solar position algorithm for solar radiation applications","volume":"76","author":"Reda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2003)016<1032:SASVOA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Spatial and seasonal variations of air temperature lapse rates in Alpine Regions","volume":"16","author":"Rolland","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clim"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2004.00173.x","article-title":"LIDAR data filtering and DTM interpolation within GRASS","volume":"8","author":"Brovelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2007.05.001","article-title":"About regression-kriging: From equations to case studies","volume":"33","author":"Hengl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2011.11.014","article-title":"GRASS GIS: A multi-purpose open source GIS","volume":"31","author":"Neteler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.03.009","article-title":"Let the four freedoms paradigm apply to ecology","volume":"27","author":"Rocchini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"R Development Core Team (2009). R Development Core Team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neteler, M., Metz, M., Rocchini, D., Rizzoli, A., Flacio, E., Engeler, L., Guidi, V., L\u00fcthy, P., and Tonolla, M. (2013). Is Switzerland suitable for the invasion of Aedes albopictus?. PLoS One, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/d1d46d6e-8152-4eab-8df9-7f2e5d14f391"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"The energetic basis of the urban heat island","volume":"108","author":"Oke","year":"1982","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo866","article-title":"Consistent geographical patterns of changes in high-impact European heatwaves","volume":"3","author":"Fischer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9002","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.860661","article-title":"Evaluation of the temporal relationship between daily min\/max air and land surface temperature","volume":"34","author":"Hill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.10.002","article-title":"Evaluation of MODIS land surface temperature data to estimate air temperature in different ecosystems over Africa","volume":"114","author":"Vancutsem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2226465","article-title":"Daily MODIS land surface temperature data for the analysis of the heat requirements of Grapevine varieties","volume":"51","author":"Zorer","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2415","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205276109","article-title":"Perception of climate change","volume":"109","author":"Hansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1641\/B580311","article-title":"The 2007 Eastern US spring freeze: Increased cold damage in a warming world","volume":"58","author":"Gu","year":"2008","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1039","article-title":"Masting behaviour in beech: Linking reproduction and climatic variation","volume":"79","author":"Piovesan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. Bot"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heyman, P., Thoma, B.R., Mari\u00e9, J.-L., Cochez, C., and Essbauer, S.S. (2012). In search for factors that drive hantavirus epidemics. Front. Physiol, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00237"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0587.2002.250510.x","article-title":"A balanced view of scale in spatial statistical analysis","volume":"25","author":"Dungan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecography"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/5\/3822\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:10:47Z","timestamp":1760217047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/5\/3822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6053822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6053822","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]]}}}