{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:34:38Z","timestamp":1792460078040,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]],"date-time":"2014-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fast crisis response after natural disasters, such as earthquakes and tropical storms, is necessary to support, for instance, rescue, humanitarian, and reconstruction operations in the crisis area. Therefore, rapid damage mapping after a disaster is crucial, i.e., to detect the affected area, including grade and type of damage. Thereby, satellite remote sensing plays a key role due to its fast response, wide field of view, and low cost. With the increasing availability of remote sensing data, numerous methods have been developed for damage assessment. This article gives a comprehensive review of these techniques focusing on multi-temporal SAR procedures for rapid damage assessment: interferometric coherence and intensity correlation. The review is divided into six parts: First, methods based on coherence; second, the ones using intensity correlation; and third, techniques using both methodologies combined to increase the accuracy of the damage assessment are reviewed. Next, studies using additional data (e.g., GIS and optical imagery) to support the damage assessment and increase its accuracy are reported. Moreover, selected studies on post-event SAR damage assessment techniques and examples of other applications of the interferometric coherence are presented. Then, the preconditions for a successful worldwide application of multi-temporal SAR methods for damage assessment and the limitations of current SAR satellite missions are reported. Finally, an outlook to the  Sentinel-1 SAR mission shows possible solutions of these limitations, enabling a worldwide applicability of the presented damage assessment methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6064870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]],"date-time":"2014-05-28T11:10:36Z","timestamp":1401275436000},"page":"4870-4906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":237,"title":["Rapid Damage Assessment by Means of Multi-Temporal  SAR \u2014 A Comprehensive Review and Outlook to Sentinel-1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5793-052X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Plank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR),  D-82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, C.B., Barros, V., Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Dokken, D.J., Ebi, K.L., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J., Plattner, G.-K., and Allen, S.K. (2012). Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139177245"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"762378:1","article-title":"Damage detection from SAR imagery: Application to the 2003 Algeria and 2007 Peru earthquakes","volume":"2008","author":"Trianni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Navig. Obs"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.06.011","article-title":"A comprehensive review of earthquake-induced building damage detection with remote sensing techniques","volume":"84","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.cosmo-skymed.it\/en\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.asc-csa.gc.ca\/eng\/satellites\/radarsat\/."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.dlr.de\/eo\/en\/desktopdefault.aspx\/tabid-5725\/9296_read-15979\/."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Bignami, C., Chini, M., Pierdicca, N., and Stramondo, S. (2004, January 20\u201324). Comparing and Combining the Capability of Detecting Earthquake Damages in Urban Areas Using SAR and Optical Data. Anchorage, AK, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.883149","article-title":"Coherence- and amplitude-based analysis of seismogenic damage in Bam, Iran, using ENVISAT ASAR data","volume":"45","author":"Arciniegas","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701871112","article-title":"Uplift and subsidence due to the 26 December 2004 Indonesian earthquake detected by SAR data","volume":"29","author":"Chini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uprety, P., and Yamazaki, F. (2012, January 22\u201327). Use of High-Resolution SAR Intensity Images for Damage Detection from the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6352595"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.disasterscharter.org\/."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.895830","article-title":"Satellite image analysis for disaster and crisis-management support","volume":"45","author":"Voigt","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.copernicus.eu."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/emergency.copernicus.eu\/mapping\/ems\/emergency-management-service."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.zki.dlr.de\/project\/162."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.unitar.org\/unosat\/."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/global.jaxa.jp\/article\/special\/sentinel_asia\/index_e.html."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.zki.dlr.de\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/sertit.u-strasbg.fr\/index_en.htm."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.munichre.com\/de\/reinsurance\/business\/non-life\/georisks\/natcatservice\/signifycant_natural_catastrophes.aspx."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christophe, E., Chai, A.S., Yin, T., and Kwoh, L.K. (2010, January 25\u201330). Earthquakes in Sumatra: The Use of L-band Interferometry in a SAR-Hostile Environment. Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2010.5654173"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, R.P. (2003). Remote Sensing Geology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-05283-9"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.itc.nl\/research\/products\/sensordb\/AllSatellites.aspx."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2876","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2012.2196404","article-title":"Remote sensing and earthquake damage assessment: Experiences, limits and perspectives","volume":"100","author":"Gamba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.77.9.923","article-title":"Rapid damage assessment and situation mapping: Learning from the 2010 Haiti earthquake","volume":"77","author":"Voigt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.77.9.885","article-title":"Automatic structural seismic damage assessment with airborne oblique Pictometry\u00ae imagery","volume":"77","author":"Gerke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6623","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.693646","article-title":"Pre-survey suitability evaluation of the differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry method for landslide monitoring","volume":"33","author":"Plank","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Schw\u00e4bisch, M. (1995). Die SAR-Interferometrie zur Erzeugung Digitaler Gel\u00e4ndemodelle, Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt. (In German)."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Franceschetti, G., and Lanari, R. (1999). Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1109\/5.838084","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry","volume":"88","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(02)00124-7","article-title":"The shuttle radar topography mission\u2014A new class of digital elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar","volume":"57","author":"Rabus","year":"2003","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Fletcher, K. Guidelines for SAR Interferometry\u2014Processing and Interpretation. Available online: http:\/\/www.esa.int\/About_Us\/ESA_Publications\/InSAR_Principles_Guidelines_for_SAR_Interferometry_Processing_and_Interpretation_br_ESA_TM-19."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/0266-5611\/14\/4\/001","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry","volume":"14","author":"Bamler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inverse Probl"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9183","DOI":"10.1029\/JB094iB07p09183","article-title":"Mapping small elevation changes over large areas: Differential radar interferometry","volume":"94","author":"Gabriel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1029\/97RG03139","article-title":"Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the earth\u2019s surface","volume":"36","author":"Massonnet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"3","article-title":"Monitoring earth surface deformation with InSAR technology: Principle and some critical issues","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geospatial Eng"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.3390\/s90301876","article-title":"Applications of SAR interferometry in earth and environmental science research","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/364138a0","article-title":"The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry","volume":"364","author":"Massonnet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-3707(97)00062-8","article-title":"Results from combining tectonic observations and SAR interferometry for the 1995 Greneva earthquake: A summary","volume":"26","author":"Meyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geodyn"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.04.023","article-title":"Surface displacement of the Mw 7 Machaze earthquake (Mozambique): Complementary use of multiband InSAR and radar amplitude image correlation with elastic modelling","volume":"114","author":"Raucoules","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2010124","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing in seismology. A review","volume":"2","author":"Tronin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2005.09.010","article-title":"Surface deformation analysis in the Ischia Island (Italy) based on spaceborne radar interferometry","volume":"151","author":"Manzo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cong, X., Eineder, M., Gernhardt, S., and Minet, C. (2010, January 25\u201330). Diverse Methods to Monitoring Volcanic Deformation Based on SAR Interferometry. Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2010.5650591"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2012.2199269","article-title":"Remote sensing of volcanic hazards and their precursors","volume":"100","author":"Hooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-9851(99)00032-4","article-title":"Three years of mining subsidence monitored by SAR interferometry, near Gardanne, France","volume":"43","author":"Carnec","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.006","article-title":"Subsidence of Kolkata (Calcutta) City, India during the 1990s as observed from space by Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (D-InSAR) technique","volume":"102","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Kirchner, M. (2005). Analyse Fl\u00e4chenhafter Senkungserscheinungen in Sediment\u00e4ren Gebieten mit den Neuen Techniken der Radarfernerkundung, Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt. (In German)."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Worawattanamateekul, J. (2006). The Application of Advanced Interferometric Radar Analysis for Monitoring Ground Subsidence: A Case Study in Bangkok. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen]."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Ketelaar, V.B.H. (2009). Satellite Radar Interferometry\u2014Subsidence Monitoring Techniques, Springer."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2009.02.026","article-title":"Using high resolution data to reveal depth-dependent mechanism that drive land subsidence: The Venice coast, Italy","volume":"474","author":"Tosi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.11.007","article-title":"Surface deformation from persistent scatterers SAR interferometry and fusion with levelling data: A case study over the Choushui River Alluvial Fan, Taiwan","volume":"115","author":"Hung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.021","article-title":"Persistent Scatterers Interferometry detects and measures ground subsidence in Lisbon","volume":"115","author":"Heleno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.09.005","article-title":"Monitoring land subsidence and its induced geological hazard with Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry: A case study in Morelia, Mexico","volume":"117","author":"Cigna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5041774","article-title":"Deformation trend extraction based on multi-temporal InSAR in Shanghai. A review","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3896","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5083896","article-title":"Exploitation of large archives of ERS and ENVISAT C-band SAR data to characterize ground deformations","volume":"5","author":"Ciampalini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1951(96)00047-9","article-title":"Observation and modelling of the Saint-Etienne-de-Tin\u00e9e landslide using SAR interferometry","volume":"265","author":"Fruneau","year":"1996","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.813278","article-title":"SAR monitoring of progressive and seasonal ground deformation using the permanent scatterers technique","volume":"41","author":"Colesanti","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(02)00198-9","article-title":"Nine years of spatial and temporal evolution of the La Valette landslide observed by SAR interferometry","volume":"68","author":"Squarzoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eng. Geol"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2004.08.012","article-title":"On the application of SAR interferometry to geomorphological studies: Estimation of landform attributes and mass movements","volume":"66","author":"Catani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.08.004","article-title":"Remote sensing of landslides: An analysis of the potential contribution to geo-spatial systems for hazard assessment in mountainous environments","volume":"98","author":"Metternicht","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2006.09.015","article-title":"Application of multitemporal differential interferometry to slope instability detection in urban\/peri-urban areas","volume":"88","author":"Bovenga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Geol"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2006.09.013","article-title":"Investigation landslides with space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry","volume":"88","author":"Colesanti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Geol"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Cascini, L., Peduto, D., Fornano, G., Lanari, R., Zeni, G., and Guzzetti, F. (,  2009). Spaceborne Radar Interferometry for Landslide Monitoring. Naples, Italy."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.04.015","article-title":"Detailed rockslide mapping in northern Norway with small baseline and persistent scatterer interferometric SAR time series methods","volume":"114","author":"Lauknes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5031045","article-title":"Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique for landslide characterization and monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Tofani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5062704","article-title":"Characterization of landslide deformations in three gorges area using multiple InSAR data stacks","volume":"5","author":"Tantianuparp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6198","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5126198","article-title":"Landslide activity maps generation by means of persistent scatterer interferometry","volume":"5","author":"Bianchini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021564","article-title":"Slope superficial displacement monitoring by small baseline SAR interferometry using data from L-band ALOS PALSAR and X-band TerraSAR: A case study of Hong Kong, China","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Eberhardt, E., Froese, C., Turner, A.K., and Leroueil, S. (2012). Landslides and Engineered Slopes, Protecting Society through Improved Understanding, Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-012-9186-y","article-title":"Integrating geotechnical and interferometric SAR measurements for secondary compressibility characterization of coastal soils","volume":"33","author":"Tosi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2009.05.025","article-title":"Use of PSInSAR\u2122 data to infer active tectonics: Clues on the differential uplift across the Giudicarie belt (Central-Eastern Alps, Italy)","volume":"476","author":"Massironi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.09.007","article-title":"Ground deformation due to tectonic, hydrothermal, gravity, hydrogeological, and anthropic processes in the Campania Region (Southern Italy) from Permanent Scatterers Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry","volume":"113","author":"Vilardo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Matsuoka, M., and Yamazaki, F. (2000, January 24\u201328). Characteristics of Satellite SAR Images in the Areas Damaged by Earthquakes. Honolulu, HY, USA."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600928567","article-title":"Mapping damage during the Bam (Iran) earthquake using interferometric coherence","volume":"28","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"L\u00f6ffler, E., Honecker, U., and Stabel, E. (2005). Geographie und Fernerkundung. Eine Einf\u00fchrung in Die Geographische Interpretation von Luftbildern und Modernen Fernerkundungsdaten, Berlin, Germany. (In German)."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Yonezawa, C., and Takeuchi, S. (July, January 28). Detection of Urban Damage Using Interferometric SAR Decorrelation. Hamburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Takeuchi, S., Suga, Y., Yonezawa, C., and Chen, A.J. (2000, January 24\u201328). Detection of Urban Disaster Using InSAR\u2014A Case Study for the 1999 Great Taiwan Earthquake. Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4433","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600675895","article-title":"Satellite radar and optical remote sensing for earthquake damage detection: Results from different case studies","volume":"27","author":"Stramondo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1109\/36.842005","article-title":"Landuse mapping with ERS SAR interferometry","volume":"38","author":"Strozzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.73.3.245","article-title":"InSAR imaging of volcanic deformation over cloud-prone areas\u2014Aleutian Islands","volume":"73","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1109\/36.175330","article-title":"Decorrelation in interferometric radar echoes","volume":"30","author":"Zebker","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948741","article-title":"Review article SAR interferometry\u2014Issues, techniques, applications","volume":"17","author":"Gens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00142-1","article-title":"Mapping urban change in the UK using satellite radar interferometry","volume":"87","author":"Grey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160118187","article-title":"Decorrelation of SAR data by urban damages caused by the 1995 Hyogoken-nanbu earthquake","volume":"22","author":"Yonezawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2013.2248301","article-title":"A tutorial on synthetic aperture radar","volume":"1","author":"Moreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Mag. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1109\/36.469479","article-title":"SAR interferometric signatures of forest","volume":"33","author":"Werner","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160512331330481","article-title":"Remote sensing image thresholding methods for determining landslide activity","volume":"26","author":"Rosin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2005.06.059","article-title":"The contribution of radar interferometry to the assessment of landslide hazards","volume":"37","author":"Rott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.03.017","article-title":"A survey of temporal decorrelation from spaceborne L-Band repeat-pass InSAR","volume":"115","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.12.003","article-title":"Large area forest stem volume mapping in the boreal zone using synergy of ERS-1\/2 tandem coherence and MODIS vegetation continuous fields","volume":"115","author":"Cartus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000139863","article-title":"Change detection techniques","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(01)00334-9","article-title":"Application of ERS-2\/SAR data for the 1999 Taiwan earthquake","volume":"28","author":"Suga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzeng, Y.C., Chiu, S.H., Chen, D., and Chen, K.S. (2007, January 23\u201327). Change Detections from SAR Images for Damage Estimation Based on a Spatial Chaotic Model. Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2007.4423203"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.885392","article-title":"Rapid damage detection in the Bam area using multitemporal SAR and exploiting ancillary data","volume":"45","author":"Gamba","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"156","article-title":"Extraction of damaged regions using SAR data and neural networks","volume":"XXXIII","author":"Ito","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Ito, Y., and Hosokawa, M. (2002, January 24\u201328). Damage Estimation Model Using Temporal Coherence Ratio. Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Matsuoka, M., and Yamazaki, F. (1999, January 24\u201328). Characteristics of Satellite Images of Damaged Areas Due to the 1995 Kobe Earthquake. Honolulu, HI, USA. (CD-ROM)."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Yonezawa, C., Tomiyama, N., and Takeuchi, S. (2002, January 24\u201328). Urban Damage Detection Using Decorrelation of SAR Interferometric Data. Toronto, Canada."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1193\/1.1774182","article-title":"Use of satellite SAR intensity imagery for detecting building areas damaged due to earthquakes","volume":"2","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1193\/1.2101027","article-title":"Building damage mapping of the 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake using Envisat\/ASAR intensity imagery","volume":"21","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2092111","article-title":"Building damage estimation by integration of seismic intensity information and satellite L-band SAR imagery","volume":"2","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Matsuoka, M., and Yamazaki, F. (2002, January 24\u201328). Application of the Damage Detection Method Using SAR Intensity Images to Recent Earthquakes. Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Ito, Y., Hosokawa, M., and Matsuoka, M. A. (2003, January 21\u201325). Degree Estimation Model of Earthquake Damage Using Temporal Coherence Ratio. Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De, R.K., Mandal, D.P., and Ghosh, A. (2010). Machine Interpretation of Patterns, Image Analysis and Data Mining, World Scientific, World Scientific.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814299190"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11554-008-0108-7","article-title":"Fast damage mapping in case of earthquakes using multitemporal SAR data","volume":"4","author":"Trianni","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Real-Time Image Process"},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Arciniegas, G.A. (2005). Earthquake-Induced Urban Damage Analysis Using Interferometric SAR Data. [M.Sc. Thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation]."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B03302:1","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JB003299","article-title":"Surface ruptures and building damage of the 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake mapped by satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometric correlation","volume":"110","author":"Fielding","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunner, D., Bruzzone, L., and Lemoine, G. (2010, January 25\u201330). Change Detection for Earthquake Damage Assessment in Built-up Areas Using very High Resolution Optical and SAR Data. Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2010.5651416"},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Matsuoka, M., and Yamazaki, F. (2006, January 25\u201326). Use of SAR Imagery for Monitoring Areas Damaged due to the 2006 Mid Java, Indonesia Earthquake. Cambridge, UK."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Balz, T., Perissin, D., Soergel, U., Zhang, L., and Liao, M. Post-Seismic Infrastructure Damage Assessment Using High-Resolution SAR Satellite Data. Available online: http:\/\/wenku.baidu.com\/view\/e7644919a216147917112860.html."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., and Jin, Y.-Q. (2009, January 12\u201317). Statistical Analysis to Assess Building Damage in 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake from Multi-Temporal SAR Images. Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/APSAR.2009.5374142"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161003727671","article-title":"Building-damage detection using postseismic high-resolution SAR satellite data","volume":"31","author":"Balz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161003730865","article-title":"Damage information derived from multi-sensor data of the Wenchuan Earthquake of May 2008","volume":"31","author":"Pan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guida, R., Iodice, A., and Riccio, D. (2010, January 25\u201330). Monitoring of Collapsed Built-up Areas with High Resolution SAR Images. Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2010.5650083"},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"935","article-title":"Earthquake damages rapid mapping by satellite remote sensing data: L\u2019Aquila 6 April 2009 event","volume":"4","author":"Bignami","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"1110","article-title":"SAR-based seismic damage assessment in urban areas: Scaling down resolution, scaling up computational performance","volume":"5","author":"Cossu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0490-0","article-title":"Integration of EO-based vulnerability estimation into EO-based seismic damage assessment: A case study on L\u2019Aquila, Italy, 2009 earthquake","volume":"68","author":"Lanese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4877","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2271564","article-title":"Earthquake damage detection in urban areas using curvilinear features","volume":"51","author":"Brett","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawamura, M., Tsujino, K., Tsujiko, Y., and Tanjung, J. (2011, January 24\u201329). Detection Method of Slope Failures Due to the 2009 Sumatra Earthquake by Using TerraSAR-X Images. Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6050180"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s11589-011-0808-0","article-title":"Post-earthquake building damage assessment in Yushu using airborne SAR imagery","volume":"24","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Earthq. Sci"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2205661","article-title":"The 2011 Tohoku (Japan) Tsunami inundation and liquefaction investigated through optical, thermal, and SAR data","volume":"10","author":"Chini","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcnthal, G., Musson, R.M.W., Schwarz, J., and Stucchi, M. (1998). European Macroseismic Scale 1998; EMS-98, European Seismological Commission."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shinozuka, M., and Loh, K. (2004, January 7\u201310). Remote Sensing with the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) for Urban Damage Detection. League City\/Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/40722(153)32"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1193\/1.2098987","article-title":"Earthquake-induced change detection in the 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake by complex analysis using Envisat ASAR data","volume":"21","author":"Mansouri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"Mansouri, B., Shinozuka, M., and Nourjou, R. SAR Remote Sensing for Urban Damage Assessment for Teheran. Available online: http:\/\/www.gwu.edu\/~spi\/assets\/docs\/Babak%20-%20SAR%20Remote%20Sensing%20for%20Urban%20Damage%20Assessment%20for%20Tehran.pdf."},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.geo.uzh.ch\/fileadmin\/files\/content\/abteilungen\/rsl1\/newspress\/various_files\/100317_Atlas_damage_assessment.pdf."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giordano, F., Goccia, M., and Dellpiane, S. (2005, January 25\u201329). Segmentation of Coherence Maps for Flood Damage Assessment. Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2005.1530034"},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"Takeuchi, S., and Yamada, S. (2002, January 24\u201328). Monitoring of Forest Fire Damage by Using JERS-1 InSAR. Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.04.021","article-title":"Properties of X-, C- and L-band repeat-pass interferometric SAR coherence in Mediterranean pine forests affected by fires","volume":"114","author":"Tanase","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.009","article-title":"Sensitivity of SAR data to post-fire forest regrowth in Mediterranean and boreal forests","volume":"115","author":"Tanase","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Wright, P., Macklin, T., Willis, C., and Rye, T. (2005, January 6\u20137). Coherent Change Detection with SAR. Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-2851-2013","article-title":"Pre-, co-, and post- rockslide analysis with ALOS\/PALSAR imagery: A case study of the Jiweishan rockslide, China","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci"},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/download.geofabrik.de\/."},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.esri.com\/software\/arcgis\/arcgisonline\/maps\/maps-and-map-layers."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.bing.com\/maps\/."},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"Available online: https:\/\/maps.google.de\/."},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/earth.google.de\/."},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"Available online: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/geo\/maps-data\/data\/gazetteer.html."},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.ga.gov.au\/search\/index.html#\/."},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.globalquakemodel.org."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.028","article-title":"GMES Sentinel-1 mission","volume":"120","author":"Torres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.873853","article-title":"TOPSAR: Terrain observation by progressive scans","volume":"44","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.028","article-title":"The European Earth monitoring (GMES) programme: Status and perspectives","volume":"120","author":"Aschbacher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"Available online: https:\/\/sentinel.esa.int\/documents\/247904\/351367\/Sentinel+High+Level+Operations+Plan\/530fd782-6386-4d26-9e05-36970bf91b85."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/6\/4870\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:11:56Z","timestamp":1760217116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/6\/4870"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6064870"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6064870","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]]}}}