{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T21:17:34Z","timestamp":1768511854991,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]],"date-time":"2014-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1402358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the suitability of 30 m Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), 250 m time-series Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and other auxiliary datasets for mapping forest extent in China at 30 m resolution circa 2010. We calculated numerous spectral features, EVI time series, and topographical features that are helpful for forest\/non-forest distinction. In this research, extensive efforts have been made in developing training samples over difficult to map or complex regions. Scene by scene quality checking was done on the initial forest extent results and low quality results were refined until satisfactory. Based on the forest extent mask, we classified the forested area into 6 types (evergreen\/deciduous broadleaf, evergreen\/deciduous needleleaf, mixed forests, and bamboos). Accuracy assessment of our forest\/non-forest classification using 2195 test sample units independent of the training sample indicates that the producer\u2019s accuracy (PA) and user\u2019s accuracy (UA) are 92.0% and 95.7%, respectively. According to this map, the total forested area in China was 164.90 million ha (Mha) circa 2010. It is close to the forest area of 7th National Forest Resource Inventory with the same definition of forest. The overall accuracy for the more detailed forest type classification is 72.7%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6065325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]],"date-time":"2014-06-10T11:50:51Z","timestamp":1402401051000},"page":"5325-5343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["A Circa 2010 Thirty Meter Resolution Forest Map for China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Congcong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, and College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Luanyun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3115-2042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Clinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6253-8437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huabing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0824-749X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1513-3765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2012.713190","article-title":"Global characterization and monitoring of forest cover using Landsat data: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"5","author":"Townshend","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2010). The 7th national forest inventory and status of forest resources. Forest. Resour. Manag, 1, 1\u20138. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/wszb\/zhibo416\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-012-5268-y","article-title":"Remote sensing of environmental changes over China: A review","volume":"57","author":"Gong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"3","article-title":"Spatiotemporal characteristics, patterns and causes of land use changes in China since the late 1980s","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Zhang, Z.X. (2010). Monitoring Land Cover of China Using Remote Sensing, Planet Map Publishing House. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, L., Chen, Y., Xu, Y., Zhao, Y., Yu, L., Wang, J., and Gong, P. (2014). 30 m land cover mapping of China with an efficient clustering algorithm CBEST. Sci. China Earth Sci, in press.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-014-4917-1"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Bishop, C. (2007). Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Springer."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6020964","article-title":"Comparison of classification algorithms and training sample sizes in urban land classification with Landsat thematic mapper imagery","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Bontemps, S., Defourney, P., van Bogaert, E., and Arino, O. Available online: http:\/\/due.esrin.esa.int\/globcover\/LandCover2009\/GLOBCOVER2009_Validation_Report_2.2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Di Gregorio, A., and Jansen, L.J.M. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/003\/x0596e\/x0596e00.HTM."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00078-0","article-title":"Global land cover mapping from MODIS: Algorithms and early results","volume":"83","author":"Friedl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.08.016","article-title":"MODIS collection 5 global land cover: Algorithm refinements and characterization of new datasets","volume":"114","author":"Friedl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.748992","article-title":"Finer resolution observation and monitoring of global land cover: First mapping results with Landsat TM and ETM+ data","volume":"34","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5851","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.798055","article-title":"Improving 30 m global land cover map FROM-GLC with time series MODIS and auxiliary datasets: A segmentation based approach","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Yu, L., Wang, J., Li, X.C., Li, C.C., Zhao, Y.Y., and Gong, P. (2014). From-Hierarchy, a multi-resolution global land cover data set. Sci. China Earth Sci, in press."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Townshend, J.R.G., Carroll, M., Dimiceli, C., Sohlberg, R., Hansen, M., and DeFries, R. (2010). Vegetation Continuous Fields MOD44B, 2000\u20132010 Percent Tree Cover, Collection 5, University of Maryland."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244693","article-title":"High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change","volume":"342","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/014\/am665e\/am665e00.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Belward, A. (1996). The IGBP-DIS Global 1 km Land Cover Data Set \u201cDISCover\u201d: Proposal and Implementation Plans, European Commission Joint Research Center."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/glovis.usgs.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/ids.ceode.ac.cn\/query.html."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Available online: https:\/\/lpdaac.usgs.gov\/products\/modis_products_table\/mod13q1."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Huete, A., Justice, C., and van Leewen, W. Available online: http:\/\/modis.gsfc.nasa.gov\/data\/atbd\/atbd_mod13.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices","volume":"83","author":"Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32001","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00051","article-title":"Vegetation detection through smoke-filled AVIRIS images: An assessment using MODIS band passes","volume":"103","author":"Miura","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/srtm.csi.cgiar.org\/."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.549851","article-title":"Estimating forest canopy density of tropical mixed deciduous vegetation using Landsat data: A comparison of three classification approaches","volume":"33","author":"Mon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Kauth, R.J., and Thomas, G.S. The Tasseled Cap-Graphic Description of the Spectral-Temporal Development of Agricultural Crops as Seen by Landsat."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1984.350619","article-title":"A physically-based transformation of Thematic Mapper data\u2014The TM tasseled cap","volume":"22","author":"Crist","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.03.014","article-title":"A simple method for reconstructing a high-quality NDVI time-series dataset based on the Savitzky-Golay filter","volume":"91","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.imageseg.com."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.76.3.289","article-title":"Accuracy assessment measures for object based image segmentation goodness","volume":"76","author":"Clinton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/data.ess.tsinghua.edu.cn."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Yu, L., Hu, L.Y., Li, X.Y., Li, C., Zhang, H.Y., Zheng, Y.M., Zhao, Y.C., Cheng, Q., and Liu, C.X. (2014). Towards a common validation sample set for global land cover mapping. Int. J. Remote Sens, in press.","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.930202"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/Landsat.usgs.gov\/consumer.php."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/wenku.baidu.com\/link?url=yCgzhDhX0OFdntS4s-SMeyQwWYzaneh10tnU9br0pIVQCsakGH6Ogqey-uCdlrjMF6Z5TOO1FX3cO5oo300Gmf5QZd1pTdgK44BVaAcBMz3."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zxft\/ft205\/content_1695019.htm."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Tibshirani, R. (1996). Bias, Variance, and Prediction Error for Classification Rules, University of Toronto."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5623","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802082148","article-title":"Reduction of atmospheric and topographic effect on Landsat TM data for forest classification","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.916089","article-title":"Classifying multilevel imagery from SAR and optical sensors by decision fusion","volume":"46","author":"Waske","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/6\/5325\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:12:15Z","timestamp":1760217135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/6\/5325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6065325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6065325","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]]}}}