{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T10:12:41Z","timestamp":1779012761582,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,16]],"date-time":"2014-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1402876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>China is the largest developing country worldwide, with rapid economic growth and the highest population. Light pollution is an environmental factor that significantly influences the quality and health of wildlife, as well as the people of any country. The objective of this study is to model the light pollution spatial pattern, and monitor changes in trends of spatial distribution from 1992 to 2012 in China using nighttime light imagery from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System. Based on the intercalibration of nighttime light imageries of the study area from 1992 to 2012, this study obtained the change trends map. This result shows an increase in light pollution of the study area; light pollution in the spatial scale increased from 2.08% in the period from 1992\u20131996 to 2000\u20132004, to 5.64% in the period from 2000\u20132004 to 2008\u20132012. However, light pollution change trends presented varying styles in different regions and times. In the 1990s, the increasing trend in light pollution regions mostly occurred in larger urban cities, which are mainly located in eastern and coastal areas, whereas the decreasing trend areas were chiefly industrial and mining cities rich in mineral resources, in addition to the central parts of large cities. Similarly, the increasing trend regions dominated urban cities of the study area, and the expanded direction changed from larger cities to small and middle-sized cities and towns in the 2000s. The percentages of regions where light pollution transformed to severe and slight were 5.64% and 0.39%, respectively. The results can inform and help identify how local economic and environmental decisions influence our global nighttime environment, and assist government agencies in creating environmental protection measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6065541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,16]],"date-time":"2014-06-16T11:52:47Z","timestamp":1402919567000},"page":"5541-5558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Monitoring Trends in Light Pollution in China Based on Nighttime Satellite Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Pengpeng","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinliang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rendong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lihui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanxia","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiuling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-8711.2001.04882.x","article-title":"The first World Atlas of the artificial sky brightness","volume":"328","author":"Cinzano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.08.008","article-title":"Aerial survey and spatial analysis of sources of light pollution in Berlin, Germany","volume":"126","author":"Kuechly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-011-2136-1","article-title":"Night-sky brightness monitoring in Hong Kong\u2014A city-wide light pollution assessment","volume":"184","author":"Pun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-011-0555-5","article-title":"Remote sensing to map influence of light pollution on Cory\u2019s shearwater in Sao Miguel Island, Azores Archipelago","volume":"58","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2012","journal-title":"European J. Wildl. Res"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4080.1285","article-title":"Light pollution","volume":"179","author":"Riegel","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2004)002[0191:ELP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Ecological light pollution","volume":"2","author":"Longcore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Env"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbt088","article-title":"The impact of light pollution on diel changes in the photophysiology of Microcystis aeruginosa","volume":"36","author":"Poulin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Plan. Res"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominoni, D.M., Quetting, M., and Partecke, J. (2013). Long-term effect of chronic light pollution on seasonal functions of European blackbirds (Turdus merula). PLOS One.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085069"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Tallec, T., Perret, M., and Thery, M. (2013). Light pollution modifies the expression of daily rhythms and behavior patterns in a Nocturnal primate. PLOS One.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079250"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12036","article-title":"The ecological impacts of nighttime light pollution: A mechanistic appraisal","volume":"88","author":"Gaston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Rev"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2012.02212.x","article-title":"REVIEW: Reducing the ecological consequences of night-time light pollution: Options and development","volume":"49","author":"Gaston","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2009.10.003","article-title":"The economics of global light pollution","volume":"69","author":"Gallaway","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyba, C.C.M., Ruhtz, T., Fischer, J., and H\u00f6lker, F. (2011). Cloud coverage acts as an amplifier for ecological light pollution in urban ecosystems. PLOS One.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017307"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.06.029","article-title":"Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility","volume":"92","author":"Falchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2007.00473.x","article-title":"The dark side of light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences","volume":"43","author":"Navara","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520801921572","article-title":"Light at night co-distributes with incident breast but not lung cancer in the Female population of Israel","volume":"25","author":"Kloog","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520802694020","article-title":"Global co-distribution of light at night (LAN) and cancers of prostate, colon, and lung in men","volume":"26","author":"Kloog","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lilensten, J., Moedn, J., Barth\u00e9lemy, M., Thissen, R., Simon, C., Lorentzen, D.A., Dutuit, O., Amblard, P.O., and Sigernes, F. (2008). Polarization in Aurorae: A new dimension for space environments studies. Geophys Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL033006"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021705","article-title":"Evaluating the ability of NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data to estimate the gross domestic product and the electric power consumption of China at multiple scales: a comparison with DMSP-OLS data","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5063057","article-title":"Potential of NPP-VIIRS nighttime light imagery for modeling the regional economy of China","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Wen, T., and Wu, Y. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Ye, P.S. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5569","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.792970","article-title":"Spatial improvement of human population distribution based on multi-sensor remote-sensing data: an input for exposure assessment","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.04.018","article-title":"Quantitative estimation of urbanization dynamics using time series of DMSP\/OLS nighttime light data: A comparative case study from China\u2019s cities","volume":"124","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6304","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.684076","article-title":"Mapping spatio-temporal changes of Chinese electric power consumption using night-time imagery","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4459","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903261005","article-title":"The use of night-time lights satellite imagery as a measure of Australia\u2019s regional electricity consumption and population distribution","volume":"31","author":"Townsend","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-012-0916-3","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of electric power consumption in Chinese Mainland from 1995 to 2008 modeled using DMSP\/OLS stable nighttime lights data","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.12.005","article-title":"High spatial resolution night-time light images for demographic and socio-economic studies","volume":"119","author":"Levin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.03.001","article-title":"Exploring factors affecting the relationship between light consumption and GDP based on DMSP\/OLS nighttime satellite imagery","volume":"134","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-006-2006-3","article-title":"Restoring urbanization process in China in the 1990s by using non-radiance-calibrated DMSP\/OLS nighttime light imagery and statistical data","volume":"51","author":"He","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, C., Ma, Q., Liu, Z., and Zhang, Q. (2013). Modeling the spatiotemporal dynamics of electric power consumption in Mainland China using saturation-corrected DMSP\/OLS nighttime stable light data. Int. J. Digit. Earth.","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2013.822026"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4443","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903277464","article-title":"Estimating energy consumption from night-time DMPS\/OLS imagery after correcting for saturation effects","volume":"31","author":"Letu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., He, C., Zhang, Q., Han, L., and Du, S. (2013). Timely and accurate national-scale mapping of urban land in China using Defense Meteorological Satellite Program\u2019s Operational Linescan System nighttime stable light data. J. Appl. Remote Sens.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.7.073535"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"609","article-title":"Estimation of light pollution using satellite remote sensing and geographic information system techniques. GISci","volume":"49","author":"Butt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennie, J., Davies, T.W., Duffy, J.P., Inger, R., and Gaston, K.J. (2014). Contrasting trends in light pollution across Europe based on satellite observed night time lights. Sci. Rep.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03789"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2006.12.006","article-title":"Growth population and industrialization and land expansion of China","volume":"63","author":"Deng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Urban Econ"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2003.09.018","article-title":"Rural-urban migration and urbanization in China: Evidence from time-series and cross-section analyses","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"China Econ. Rev"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2013). China City Statistical Yearbook 2012, China Statistical Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2012). China Statistical Yearbook for Regional Economy 2012, China Statistical Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.7125\/APAN.30.17","article-title":"Development of a 2009 stable lights product using DMSP-OLS data","volume":"30","author":"Baugh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Asia-Pacific Adv. Net"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"40","article-title":"Night on Earth: mapping decadal changes of anthropogenic night light in Asia","volume":"22","author":"Small","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth. Obs"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"46","article-title":"Automatic intercalibration of night-time light imagery using robust regress","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2009.01.009","article-title":"A global poverty map derived from satellite data","volume":"35","author":"Elvidge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp. Geosci"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3390\/en20300595","article-title":"A fifteen year record of global natural gas flaring derived from satellite data","volume":"2","author":"Elvidge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.02.013","article-title":"Extracting the dynamics of urban expansion in China using DMSP-OLS nighttime light data from 1992 to 2008","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2014). China City Statistical Yearbook 2013, China Statistics Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(1997). Shanxi Statistical Yearbook 1999, China Statistical Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6717","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5126717","article-title":"Illuminating the capabilities of the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) day\/night band","volume":"5","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5094423","article-title":"VIIRS nightfire: satellite pyrometry at night","volume":"5","author":"Elvidge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020418","article-title":"Suomi NPP VIIRS sensor data record verification, validation, and long-term performance monitoring","volume":"118","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2013.2262258","article-title":"Detecting light outages after severe storms using the S-NPP\/VIIRS day\/night band radiances","volume":"10","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.06.001","article-title":"Night time detection of Saharan dust using infrared window channels: Application to NPP\/VIIRS","volume":"137","author":"Pere","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2014.905728","article-title":"Evaluation of NPP-VIIRS nighttime light composite data for extracting built-up urban areas","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/6\/5541\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:12:29Z","timestamp":1760217149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/6\/5541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,16]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6065541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6065541","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,16]]}}}