{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T06:01:57Z","timestamp":1782021717238,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,25]],"date-time":"2014-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evapotranspiration (ET) is a vital component in land-atmosphere interactions.  In drylands, over 90% of annual rainfall evaporates. The Nile Basin in Africa is about 42% dryland in a region experiencing rapid population growth and development. The relationship of ET with climate, vegetation and land cover in the basin during 2002\u20132011 is analyzed using thermal-based Simplified Surface Energy Balance Operational (SSEBop) ET, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)-based MODIS Terrestrial (MOD16) ET, MODIS-derived NDVI as a proxy for vegetation productivity and rainfall from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Interannual variability and trends are analyzed using established statistical methods. Analysis based on thermal-based ET revealed that &gt;50% of the study area exhibited negative ET anomalies for 7 years (2009, driest), while &gt;60% exhibited positive ET anomalies for 3 years (2007, wettest).  NDVI-based monthly ET correlated strongly (r &gt; 0.77) with vegetation than thermal-based ET (0.52 &lt; r &lt; 0.73) at p &lt; 0.001. Climate-zone averaged thermal-based ET anomalies positively correlated (r = 0.6, p &lt; 0.05) with rainfall in 4 of the 9 investigated climate zones. Thermal-based and NDVI-based ET estimates revealed minor discrepancies over rainfed croplands (60 mm\/yr higher for thermal-based ET), but a significant divergence over wetlands (440 mm\/yr higher for thermal-based ET). Only 5% of the study area exhibited statistically significant trends in ET.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6075885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]],"date-time":"2014-06-26T02:28:30Z","timestamp":1403749710000},"page":"5885-5908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Evapotranspiration Variability and Its Association with Vegetation Dynamics in the Nile Basin, 2002\u20132011"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Henok","family":"Alemu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence (GSCE), South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Senay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence (GSCE), South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA"},{"name":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Sioux Falls, 57198 SD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armel","family":"Kaptue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence (GSCE), South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeriy","family":"Kovalskyy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence (GSCE), South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.217","article-title":"Organization of complexity in water limited ecohydrology","volume":"5","author":"Jenerette","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.01.017","article-title":"Greenness in semi-arid areas across the globe 1981\u20132007\u2014An Earth observing satellite based analysis of trends and drivers","volume":"121","author":"Fensholt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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