{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T16:45:00Z","timestamp":1781023500814,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]],"date-time":"2014-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the release of the digital archives of Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Line Scanner (DMSP\/OLS) nighttime light data in 1992, a variety of datasets based on this database have been produced and applied to monitor and analyze human activities and natural phenomena. However, differences among these datasets and how they have been applied may potentially confuse researchers working with these data. In this paper, we review the ways in which data from DMSP\/OLS nighttime light images have been applied over the past two decades, focusing on differences in data processing, research trends, and the methods used among the different application areas. Five main datasets extracted from this database have led to many studies in various research areas over the last 20 years, and each dataset has its own strengths and limitations. The number of publications based on this database and the diversity of authors and institutions involved have shown promising growth. In addition, researchers have accumulated vast experience retrieving data on the spatial and temporal dynamics of settlement, demographics, and socioeconomic parameters, which are \u201chotspot\u201d applications in this field. Researchers continue to develop novel ways to extract more information from the DMSP\/OLS database and apply the data to interdisciplinary research topics. We believe that DMSP\/OLS nighttime light data will play an important role in monitoring and analyzing human activities and natural phenomena from space in the future, particularly over the long term. A transparent platform that encourages data sharing, communication, and discussion of extraction methods and synthesis activities will benefit researchers as well as public and political stakeholders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6086844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]],"date-time":"2014-07-25T10:54:02Z","timestamp":1406285642000},"page":"6844-6866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":212,"title":["Application of DMSP\/OLS Nighttime Light Images:  A Meta-Analysis and a Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4902-716X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingxu","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA"},{"name":"The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law and Political Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/245375a0","article-title":"Burning waste gas in oil fields","volume":"245","author":"Croft","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168908903843","article-title":"A 10 km resolution image of the entire night-time earth based on cloud-free satellite photographs in the 400\u20131100 nm band","volume":"10","author":"Sullivan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(80)90043-7","article-title":"Monitoring urban population and energy utilization patterns from satellite data","volume":"9","author":"Welch","year":"1980","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.1997.00115.x","article-title":"Satellite inventory of human settlements using nocturnal radiation emissions: A contribution for the global toolchest","volume":"3","author":"Elvidge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, B., Shu, S., Liu, H., Song, W., Wu, J., Wang, L., and Chen, Z. (2014). Object-based spatial cluster analysis of urban landscape pattern using nighttime light satellite images: A case study of China. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci.","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2014.922186"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"849","article-title":"Landscan: A global population database for estimating populations at risk","volume":"66","author":"Dobson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1303","article-title":"A comparison of nighttime satellite imagery and population density for the continental united states","volume":"63","author":"Sutton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(02)00097-6","article-title":"Global estimates of market and non-market values derived from nighttime satellite imagery, land cover, and ecosystem service valuation","volume":"41","author":"Sutton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, C., Ma, Q., Liu, Z., and Zhang, Q. (2013). Modeling the spatiotemporal dynamics of electric power consumption in mainland China using saturation-corrected DMSP\/OLS nighttime stable light data. Int. J. Digit. Earth.","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2013.822026"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447-29.3.157","article-title":"Night-time imagery as a tool for global mapping of socioeconomic parameters and greenhouse gas emissions","volume":"29","author":"Doll","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2001.652391x","article-title":"Assessing the impact of land conversion to urban use on soils with different productivity levels in the USA","volume":"65","author":"Nizeyimana","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699213569","article-title":"Technical note and cover fishing fleet lights and sea surface temperature distribution observed by DMSP\/OLS sensor","volume":"20","author":"Cho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-8711.2000.03562.x","article-title":"The artificial night sky brightness mapped from DMSP satellite operational linescan system measurements","volume":"318","author":"Cinzano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600211073","article-title":"Comparison of noaa-avhrr and DMSP-OLS for operational fire monitoring in kalimantan, indonesia","volume":"21","author":"Fuller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/10106040802185940","article-title":"A global inventory of coral reef stressors based on satellite observed nighttime lights","volume":"23","author":"Aubrecht","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geocarto Int"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.03.020","article-title":"Lighting for the human circadian clock: Recent research indicates that lighting has become a public health issue","volume":"63","author":"Pauley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160310001595033","article-title":"Early damaged area estimation system using DMSP-OLS night-time imagery","volume":"25","author":"Kohiyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1068\/a41200","article-title":"Baghdad nights: Evaluating the US military \u201csurge\u201d using nighttime light signatures","volume":"40","author":"Agnew","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5761","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.796102","article-title":"VIIRS constant spatial-resolution advantages","volume":"34","author":"Schueler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600981525","article-title":"The Nightsat mission concept","volume":"28","author":"Elvidge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00098-4","article-title":"Radiance calibration of DMSP-OLS low-light imaging data of human settlements","volume":"68","author":"Elvidge","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Modeling the population of China using DMSP operational linescan system nighttime data","volume":"67","author":"Lo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3390\/en20300595","article-title":"A fifteen year record of global natural gas flaring derived from satellite data","volume":"2","author":"Elvidge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.02.013","article-title":"Extracting the dynamics of urban expansion in China using DMSP-OLS nighttime light data from 1992 to 2008","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7356","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.820365","article-title":"Intercalibration of DMSP-OLS night-time light data by the invariant region method","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.08.021","article-title":"Regional variations in spatial structure of nightlights, population density and fossil-fuel CO2 emissions","volume":"38","author":"Raupach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2178031","article-title":"A saturated light correction method for DMSP\/OLS nighttime satellite imagery","volume":"50","author":"Letu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.022","article-title":"The vegetation adjusted ntl urban index: A new approach to reduce saturation and increase variation in nighttime luminosity","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"727","article-title":"Mapping city lights with nighttime data from the DMSP operational linescan system","volume":"63","author":"Elvidge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160304982","article-title":"Validation of urban boundaries derived from global night-time satellite imagery","volume":"24","author":"Henderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00110-1","article-title":"Using nighttime DMSP\/OLS images of city lights to estimate the impact of urban land use on soil resources in the united states","volume":"59","author":"Imhoff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2005.03.007","article-title":"Mapping regional economic activity from night-time light satellite imagery","volume":"57","author":"Doll","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8306.00288","article-title":"Urban indicators of China from radiance-calibrated digital DMSP-OLS nighttime images","volume":"92","author":"Lo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.04.018","article-title":"Quantitative estimation of urbanization dynamics using time series of DMSP\/OLS nighttime light data: A comparative case study from China\u2019s cities","volume":"124","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"40","article-title":"Night on earth: Mapping decadal changes of anthropogenic night light in asia","volume":"22","author":"Small","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2012.687471","article-title":"Automatic intercalibration of night-time light imagery using robust regression","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-006-2006-3","article-title":"Restoring urbanization process in China in the 1990s by using non-radiance-calibrated DMSP\/OLS nighttime light imagery and statistical data","volume":"51","author":"He","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802430693","article-title":"Modelling the population density of China at the pixel level based on DMSP\/OLS non-radiance-calibrated night-time light images","volume":"30","author":"Zhuo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.02.006","article-title":"Quantifying light-fishing for dosidicus gigas in the eastern pacific using satellite remote sensing","volume":"91","author":"Waluda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903439890","article-title":"Forest fire monitoring and burnt area mapping using satellite data: A study over the forest region of kerala state, india","volume":"32","author":"Badarinath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.2747\/1548-1603.48.4.478","article-title":"Detecting the effects of wars in the caucasus regions of russia and georgia using radiometrically normalized DMSP-OLS nighttime lights imagery","volume":"48","author":"Witmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"GISci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14181","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507253102","article-title":"Detection of a bioluminescent milky sea from space","volume":"102","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1210554","article-title":"Explaining seasonal fluctuations of measles in niger using nighttime lights imagery","volume":"334","author":"Bharti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8589","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017031108","article-title":"Using luminosity data as a proxy for economic statistics","volume":"108","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3390\/rs1030418","article-title":"Estimation of Mexico\u2019s informal economy and remittances using nighttime imagery","volume":"1","author":"Ghosh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4551","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5094551","article-title":"Detecting Zimbabwe\u2019s decadal economic decline using nighttime light imagery","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3476","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5073476","article-title":"Can night-time light data identify typologies of urbanization? A global assessment of successes and failures","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(97)00046-1","article-title":"A technique for using composite DMSP\/OLS \u201ccity lights\u201d satellite data to map urban area","volume":"61","author":"Imhoff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-8711.2001.04882.x","article-title":"The first world atlas of the artificial night sky brightness","volume":"328","author":"Cinzano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697218485","article-title":"Relation between satellite observed visible-near infrared emissions, population, economic activity and electric power consumption","volume":"18","author":"Elvidge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160010007015","article-title":"Census from heaven: An estimate of the global human population using nighttime satellite imagery","volume":"22","author":"Sutton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(01)00040-5","article-title":"Night-time lights of the world: 1994\u20131995","volume":"56","author":"Elvidge","year":"2001","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.02.002","article-title":"Spatial analysis of global urban extent from DMSP-OLS night lights","volume":"96","author":"Small","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-010-0019-5","article-title":"Monitoring growth of built-up areas in indo-gangetic plain using multi-sensor remote sensing data","volume":"38","author":"Roychowdhury","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133309346649","article-title":"Paving the planet: Impervious surface as proxy measure of the human ecological footprint","volume":"33","author":"Sutton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073535","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.7.073535","article-title":"Timely and accurate national-scale mapping of urban land in China using defense meteorological satellite program\u2019s operational linescan system nighttime stable light data","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.05.009","article-title":"Regional mapping of human settlements in southeastern China with multisensor remotely sensed data","volume":"112","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.06.001","article-title":"A SVM-based method to extract urban areas from DMSP-OLS and spot vgt data","volume":"113","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-007-9104-x","article-title":"Potential for global mapping of development via a nightsat mission","volume":"69","author":"Elvidge","year":"2007","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebener, S., Murray, C., Tandon, A., and Elvidge, C. (2005). From wealth to health: Modelling the distribution of income per capita at the sub-national level using night-time light imagery. Int. J. Health Geogr, 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-4-5"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans.M2009030","article-title":"In-use stock of copper analysis using satellite nighttime light observation data","volume":"50","author":"Takahashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Trans"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2258892","article-title":"Brightness of nighttime lights as a proxy for freight traffic: A case study of China","volume":"7","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-9715(97)01005-3","article-title":"Modeling population density with night-time satellite imagery and GIS","volume":"21","author":"Sutton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.69.5.545","article-title":"Building and evaluating models to estimate ambient population density","volume":"69","author":"Sutton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5194\/sg-7-23-2012","article-title":"The Night Light Development Index (NLDI): A spatially explicit measure of human development from satellite data","volume":"7","author":"Elvidge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Geogr"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2009.01.009","article-title":"A global poverty map derived from satellite data","volume":"35","author":"Elvidge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2012.01.025","article-title":"Poverty assessment using DMSP\/OLS night-time light satellite imagery at a provincial scale in China","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.03.010","article-title":"Monitoring forest fires over the Indian region using defense meteorological satellite program-operational linescan system nighttime satellite data","volume":"103","author":"Badarinath","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.11.022","article-title":"Gas flaring monitoring from space using the ATSR instrument series","volume":"116","author":"Casadio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3354\/meps276173","article-title":"Use of nighttime visible images to detect Japanese common squid todarodes pacificus fishing areas and potential migration routes in the sea of Japan","volume":"276","author":"Kiyofuji","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-10-05002.1","article-title":"Automated lightning flash detection in nighttime visible satellite data","volume":"26","author":"Bankert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Weather Forecast"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L20801","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL026759","article-title":"Impact of biomass burning on aerosol properties over tropical urban region of hyderabad, India","volume":"33","author":"Kharol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"661","article-title":"Fishery dynamics of the California market squid (Loligo opalescens), as measured by satellite remote sensing","volume":"102","author":"Maxwell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fish. Bull"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D19306","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD013439","article-title":"A new global gridded data set of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion: Methodology and evaluation","volume":"115","author":"Rayner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.3390\/en3121895","article-title":"Creating a global grid of distributed fossil fuel CO2 emissions from nighttime satellite imagery","volume":"3","author":"Ghosh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-543-2011","article-title":"A very high-resolution (1 km \u00d7 1 km) global fossil fuel CO2 emission inventory derived using a point source database and satellite observations of nighttime lights","volume":"11","author":"Oda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1021\/ez500093s","article-title":"Regional-scale estimation of electric power and power plant CO2 emissions using defense meteorological satellite program operational linescan system nighttime satellite data","volume":"1","author":"Letu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kort, E.A., Frankenberg, C., Miller, C.E., and Oda, T. (2012). Space-based observations of megacity carbon dioxide. Geophys. Res. Lett, 39.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL052738"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.04.015","article-title":"Normalization of time series DMSP-OLS nighttime light images for urban growth analysis with pseudo invariant features","volume":"128","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5063057","article-title":"Potential of NPP-VIIRS nighttime light imagery for modeling the regional economy of China","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5094423","article-title":"VIIRS nightfire: Satellite pyrometry at night","volume":"5","author":"Elvidge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6717","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5126717","article-title":"Illuminating the capabilities of the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) day\/night band","volume":"5","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021705","article-title":"Evaluating the ability of NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data to estimate the gross domestic product and the electric power consumption of China at multiple scales: A comparison with DMSP-OLS data","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2014.905728","article-title":"Evaluation of NPP-VIIRS night-time light composite data for extracting built-up urban areas","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qju004","article-title":"Regional favoritism*","volume":"129","author":"Hodler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4780","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6064780","article-title":"Modeling in-use steel stock in China\u2019s buildings and civil engineering infrastructure using time-series of DMSP\/OLS nighttime lights","volume":"6","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2012.21884.x","article-title":"The propagation of light pollution in the atmosphere","volume":"427","author":"Cinzano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.2747\/1548-1603.49.4.609","article-title":"Estimation of light pollution using satellite remote sensing and geographic information system techniques","volume":"49","author":"Butt","year":"2012","journal-title":"GISci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5541","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6065541","article-title":"Monitoring trends in light pollution in China based on nighttime satellite imagery","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03789","article-title":"Contrasting trends in light pollution across Europe based on satellite observed night time lights","volume":"4","author":"Bennie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2241021","article-title":"Satellite-observed nighttime light variation as evidence for global armed conflicts","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/8\/6844\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:14:05Z","timestamp":1760217245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/8\/6844"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6086844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6086844","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]]}}}