{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T09:28:34Z","timestamp":1766136514051,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]],"date-time":"2014-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Time series of regional 2\u00b0 \u00d7 2\u00b0 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) solutions of surface water mass change have been computed over Africa from 2003 to 2012 with a 10-day resolution by using a new regional approach. These regional maps are used to describe and quantify water mass change. The contribution of African hydrology to actual sea level rise is negative and small in magnitude (i.e., \u22120.1 mm\/y of equivalent sea level (ESL)) mainly explained by the water retained in the Zambezi River basin. Analysis of the regional water mass maps is used to distinguish different zones of important water mass variations, with the exception of the dominant seasonal cycle of the African monsoon in the Sahel and Central Africa. The analysis of the regional solutions reveals the accumulation in the Okavango swamp and South Niger. It confirms the continuous depletion of water in the North Sahara aquifer at the rate of \u22122.3 km3\/y, with a decrease in early 2008. Synergistic use of altimetry-based lake water volume with total water storage (TWS) from GRACE permits a continuous monitoring of sub-surface water storage for large lake drainage areas. These different applications demonstrate the potential of the GRACE mission for the management of water resources at the regional scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6087379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]],"date-time":"2014-08-07T10:23:22Z","timestamp":1407407002000},"page":"7379-7405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Application of the Regional Water Mass Variations from GRACE Satellite Gravimetry to Large-Scale Water Management in Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Ramillien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), GET-UMR5563 CNRS\/IRD\/UPS, 14, Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en G\u00e9od\u00e9sie Spatiale (GRGS), 14, Avenue Edouard Belin,  31400 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Frappart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en G\u00e9od\u00e9sie Spatiale (GRGS), 14, Avenue Edouard Belin,  31400 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Observatoire Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es (OMP), GET-UMR5563 CNRS\/IRD\/UPS, 14, Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Seoane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en G\u00e9od\u00e9sie Spatiale (GRGS), 14, Avenue Edouard Belin,  31400 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Observatoire Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es (OMP), GET-UMR5563 CNRS\/IRD\/UPS, 14, Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Famiglietti, J.S., Lo, M., Ho, S.L., Bethune, J., Anderson, K.J., Syed, T.H., Swenson, S.C., de Linage, C.R., and Rodell, M. (2011). Satellites measure recent rates of groundwater depletion in California\u2019s Central Valley. Geophys. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL046442"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9320","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200311109","article-title":"Groundwater depletion and sustainability of irrigation in the US High Plains and Central Valley","volume":"109","author":"Scanlon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scanlon, B.R., Longuevergne, L., and Long, D. (2012). Ground referencing GRACE satellite estimates of groundwater storage changes in the California Central Valley, USA. Water Resour. Res.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011WR011312"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2005.04.005","article-title":"Time variations of land water storage from inversion of 2-years of GRACE geoids","volume":"235","author":"Ramillien","year":"2005","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowley, J.W., Mitrovica, J.X., Bailey, R.C., Tamisiea, M.E., and Davis, J.L. (2006). Land water storage within the Congo basin inferred from GRACE satellite gravity data. Geophys. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027070"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papa, F., G\u00fcntner, A., Frappart, F., Prigent, C., and Rossow, W.B. (2008). Variations of surface water extent and water storage in large river basins: A comparison of different global data sources. Geophys. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL033857"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2007.04.002","article-title":"Land water storage contribution to sea levelfrom GRACE geoid data over 2003\u20132006","volume":"60","author":"Ramillien","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.015","article-title":"Characterization of terrestrial water dynamics in the Congo Basin using GRACE and satellite radar altimetry","volume":"115","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-007-9191-y","article-title":"The falling Lake Victoria water level: GRACE, TRIMM and CHAMP satellite analysis of the lake basin","volume":"22","author":"Awange","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Awange, J.L., and Ong\u2019ang\u2019a, O. (2006). Lake Victoria: Ecology Resource and Environment, Springer."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5041651","article-title":"Water balance modeling in a semi-arid environment with limited in situ data using remote sensing in Lake Manyara, East African Rift, Tanzania","volume":"5","author":"Deus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20058","article-title":"Land water contribution to sea level from GRACE and Jason-1 measurements","volume":"118","author":"Jensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-11-1227-2007","article-title":"The bias in GRACE estimates of continental water storage variations","volume":"11","author":"Klees","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grippa, M., Kergoat, L., Frappart, F., Araud, Q., Boone, A., de Rosnay, P., Lemoine, J.-M., Gascoin, S., Balsamo, G., and Ottl\u00e9, C. (2011). Land water storage over West Africa estimated by GRACE and land surface model. Water Resour. Res.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009WR008856"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-1729-2011","article-title":"Combining satellite radar altimetry, SAR surface soil moisture and GRACE total storage changes for hydrological calibration in a large poorly gauged catchment","volume":"15","author":"Milzow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-16-3083-2012","article-title":"Calibration and evaluation of a semi-distributed watershed model of a sub-saharan Africa using GRACE data","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swenson, S., and Wahr, J. (2009). Monitoring the water balance of Lake Victoria, East Africa, from space. J. Hydrol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.03.008"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, M., Llovel, W., Cazenave, A., G\u00fcntner, A., and Cr\u00e9taux, J.-F. (2010). Recent hydrological behaviour of the East African Great Lakes region inferred from GRACE, satellite altimetry and rainfall observations. Comptes Rendus G\u00e9osci.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crte.2009.12.010"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"4501","article-title":"Interpretation of GRACE data of the Nile Basin using a groundwater recharge model","volume":"7","author":"Bonsor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-011-0724-3","article-title":"Groundwater storage variability and annual recharge using well-hydrograph and GRACE satellite data","volume":"19","author":"Henry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"22","article-title":"GRACE-based estimates of terrestrial freshwater discharge from basin to continental scales","volume":"10","author":"Syed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramillien, G., Frappart, F., G\u00fcntner, A., Ngo-Duc, T., Cazenave, A., and Laval, K. (2006). Time variations of regional evapotranspiration rate from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite gravimetry. Water Resour. Res.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005WR004331"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.8369","article-title":"Estimating evapotranspiration using an observation based terrestrial water budget","volume":"25","author":"Rodell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/2013WR014581","article-title":"Uncertainty in evapotranspiration from land surface modeling, remote sensing, and GRACE satellites","volume":"50","author":"Long","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7837","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-13-00008.1","article-title":"Regional energy and water cycles: Transports from ocean to land","volume":"26","author":"Trenberth","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clim"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2010.04894.x","article-title":"Local and global hydrological contribution to time variable gravity in southwest Niger","volume":"184","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggt146","article-title":"Gravity effect of water storage changes in a weathered hard-rock aquifer in West Africa: Results from joint absolute gravity, hydrological monitoring and geophysical prospection","volume":"194","author":"Hector","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nahmani, S., Bock, O., Bouin, M.-N., Santamar\u00eda-G\u00f3mez, A., Boy, J.-P., Collilieux, X., M\u00e9tivier, L., Panet, I., Genthon, G., and de Linage, C. (2012). Hydrological deformation induced by the West African Monsoon: Comparison of GPS, GRACE and loading models. J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB009102"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syed, T.H., Famiglietti, J.S., Rodell, M., Chen, J., and Wilson, C.R. (2008). Analysis of terrestrial water storage changes from GRACE and GLDAS. Water Resour. Res.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006WR005779"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodell, M., Famiglietti, J.S., Chen, J., Seneviratne, S.I., Viterbo, P., Holl, S., and Wilson, C.R. (2004). Basin sacle estimate of evapotranspiration using GRACE and other observations. Geophys. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020873"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-006-0103-7","article-title":"Estimating grounwater storage changes in the Mississippi River basin (USA) using GRACE","volume":"15","author":"Rodell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leblanc, M., Tregoning, P., Ramillien, G., Tweed, S., and Fakes, A. (2009). Basin scale, integrated observations of the early 21st century multi-year drought in Southeast Australia. Water Resour. Res.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008WR007333"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Taylor, R.G., Scanlon, B.R., D\u00f6ll, P., Rodell, M., van Beek, R., Wada, Y., Longuevergne, L., Leblanc, M., Famiglietti, J.S., and Edmunds, M. (2013). Ground water and climate change. Nat. Clim. Chang, doi: 10\/1038\/nclimate1744."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen, O.B., Seneviratne, S.I., Hinderer, J., and Viterbo, P. (2005). GRACE-derived terrestrial water storage depletion associated with the 2003 European heat wave. Geophys. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL023574"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frappart, F., Papa, F., Santos da Silva, J., Ramillien, G., Prigent, C., Seyler, F., and Calmant, S. (2012). Surface freshwater storage and dynamics in the Amazon basin during the 2005 exceptional drought. Environ. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/4\/044010"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.06.008","article-title":"Validation of GRACE-derived water mass storage using a regional approach over South America","volume":"137","author":"Frappart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houborg, R., Rodell, M., Li, B., Reichle, R., and Zaitchik, B.F. (2012). Drought indicators based on model-assimilated Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) terrestrial water storage observations. Water Resour. Res.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011WR011291"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J.L., Wilson, C.R., and Tapley, B.D. (2010). The 2009 exceptional Amazon flood and interannual terrestrial water storage change observed by GRACE. Water Resour. Res.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010WR009383"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J.L., Wilson, C.R., Tapley, B.D., Longuevergne, L., Yang, Z.L., and Scanlon, B.R. (2010). Recent La Plata basin drought conditions observed by satellite gravimetry. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD014689"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50655","article-title":"GRACE satellite monitoring of large depletion in water storage in response to the 2011 drought in Texas","volume":"40","author":"Long","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2012.05640.x","article-title":"Uncovered spurious jumps in the GRACE atmospheric de-aliasing data: Potential contamination of GRACE observed mass change","volume":"191","author":"Duan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swenson, S.C., and Wahr, J. (2006). Post-processing removal of correlated errors in GRACE data. Geophys. J. Int.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025285"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-012-0548-5","article-title":"Reducing errors in the GRACE gravity solutions using regularization","volume":"86","author":"Himanshu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geodesy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2008.03922.x","article-title":"The design of an optimal filter for monthly GRACE gravity models","volume":"175","author":"Klees","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.08.017","article-title":"An independent component analysis approach for filtering continental hydrology in the GRACE gravity data","volume":"115","author":"Frappart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-010-0438-7","article-title":"GRACE-derived surface mass anomalies by energy integral approach. Application to continental hydrology","volume":"85","author":"Ramillien","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geodesy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-012-9177-z","article-title":"Constrained regional recovery of continental water mass time-variations from GRACE based geopotential anomalies over South America","volume":"33","author":"Ramillien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeden, W., and Schreiner, M. (2008). Spherical Functions of Mathematical Geosciences: A Scalar, Vectorial and Tensorial Setup, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85112-7"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4925","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-17-4925-2013","article-title":"Regional GRACE-based estimates of water mass variations over Australia: Validation and interpretation","volume":"17","author":"Seoane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowlands, D.D., Ray, R.D., Chinn, D.S., and Lemoine, F.G. (2002). Short-arc analysis of intersatellite tracking data in a gravity mapping mission. J. Geodesy.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-002-0255-8"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowlands, D.D., Luthcke, S.B., Klosko, S.M., Lemoine, F.G., Chinn, D.S., McCarthy, J.J., Cox, C.M., and Anderson, O.B. (2005). Resolving mass flux at high spatial and temporal resolution using GRACE intersatellite measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021908"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Lemoine, F.G., Luthcke, S.B., Rowlands, D.D., Chinn, D.S., Klosko, S.M., and Cox, C.M. (2007). Dynamic Planet, Springer."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2007.03.062","article-title":"Temporal gravity field models inferred from GRACE data","volume":"39","author":"Lemoine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2009.10.012","article-title":"CNES\/GRGS 10-day gravity models (release 2) and their evaluation","volume":"45","author":"Bruinsma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"GFZ Potsdam Information Systems & Data Center. Available online: http:\/\/isdc.gfz-potsdam.de."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Data. Available online: http:\/\/podaac-www.jpl.nasa.gov."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-008-9033-3","article-title":"Hydrological signals observed by GRACE satellites","volume":"29","author":"Schmidt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Groupe de Recherche en G\u00e9od\u00e9sie Spatiale. Available online: http:\/\/grgs.obs-mip.fr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2009.2037837","article-title":"Denoising satellite gravity signals by independent component analysis","volume":"7","author":"Frappart","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Fu, L.L., and Cazenave, A. (2001). Satellite Altimetry and Earth Sciences, A Handbook of Techniques and Applications, International Geophysics Series, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cr\u00e9taux, J.-F., Jelinski, W., Calmant, S., Kouraev, A., Vuglinski, V., Berg\u00e9-Nguyen, M., Gennero, M.-C., Ni\u00f1o, F., Abarca del Rio, R., and Cazenave, A. (2011). SOLS: A lake database to monitor in near real time water level and storage variations from remote sensing data. J. Adv. Space Res.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2011.01.004"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ri\u010dko, M., Birkett, C.M., Carton, J.A., and Cr\u00e9taux, J.-F. (2012). Intercomparison and validation of continental water level products derived from satellite radar altimetry. J. Appl. Remote Sens.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.6.061710"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.10.027","article-title":"Preliminary results of ENVISAT RA-2 derived water levels validation over the Amazon basin","volume":"100","author":"Frappart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.04.020","article-title":"Water levels in the Amazon basin derived from the ERS-2 and ENVISAT radar altimetry missions","volume":"114","author":"Calmant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.08.016","article-title":"Floodplain water storage in the Negro River basin estimated from microwave remote sensing of inundation area and water levels","volume":"99","author":"Frappart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Hydrology from Space. Lakes, Rivers and Wetlands Water Levels from Satellite Altimetry. Available online: http:\/\/www.legos.obs-mip.fr\/soa\/hydrologie\/hydroweb\/."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Johnson, T.C., and Odada, E.O. (1996). The Limnology, Climatology and Paleoclimatology of the East African Lakes, Gordon & Breach Publishers."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1995)008<1284:GPEBOA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Global precipitation estimates based on a technique for combining satellite-based estimates, rain gauge analysis, and NWP model precipitation information","volume":"8","author":"Huffmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clim"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM560.1","article-title":"The TRMM Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA): Quasi-global, multi-year, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scale","volume":"8","author":"Huffmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, K.-W., Wilson, C.R., Famiglietti, J.S., Chen, J.L., and Rodell, M. (2006). Terrestrial water mass load changes from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). Water Resour. Res.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005WR004255"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20078","article-title":"Groundwater depletion in the Middle East from GRACE with implications for transboundary water management in the Tigris-Euphrates-Western Iran region","volume":"49","author":"Voss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Preisendorfer, R. (1988). Principal Component Analysis in Meteorology and Oceanography, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2001)129<1243:UALEIT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Using a Lanczos eigensolver in the computation of empirical orthogonal functions","volume":"129","author":"Toumazou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mon. Month Rev"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2269733","article-title":"Mapping of Central Africa forested wetlands using remote sensing","volume":"7","author":"Betbeder","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Earth Observ. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1029\/1998WR900068","article-title":"5-minute, 1\/2\u00b0 and 1\u00b0 data sets of continental watersheds and river networks for use in regional and global hydrologic and climate system modeling studies","volume":"35","author":"Graham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2008.10.004","article-title":"Sea level budget over 2003\u20132008: A reevaluation from GRACE space gravimetry, satellite altimetry and Argo","volume":"65","author":"Cazenave","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-120308-081105","article-title":"Contemporary sea level rise","volume":"2","author":"Cazenave","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Sappa, G., and Rossi, M. (2010, January 6\u20138). The North West Sahara Aquifer System: The complex management of a strategic transboundary resource. Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50478","article-title":"Quantifying the modern recharge of the \u201cfossil\u201d Sahara aquifers","volume":"40","author":"Petersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8160","DOI":"10.1002\/2013WR014350","article-title":"Potential impacts of climate and environmental change on the stored water of Lake Victoria Basin and economic implications","volume":"49","author":"Awange","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2013.07.002","article-title":"Understanding the decline of water storage across the Ramser-Lake Naivasha using satellite-based methods","volume":"60","author":"Awange","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resourc"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Sutcliffe, J.V., and Parks, Y.P. (1999). The Hydrology of the Nile, IAHS Press. IAHS Special Publication Number 5."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/8\/7379\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:14:30Z","timestamp":1760217270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/8\/7379"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6087379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6087379","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]]}}}