{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:28:13Z","timestamp":1760243293340,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,14]],"date-time":"2014-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Industrial wastewater (IW) discharge, which is a known point source of pollution, is a major water pollution source. Increasing IW discharge has imposed considerable pressure on regional or global water environments. It is important to estimate the IW distribution in grid units to improve basin-scale hydrological processes and water quality modeling. For the first time, we use the nighttime light imagery produced by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program\u2019s Operational Linescan System (DMSP\/OLS) to estimate the spatial and temporal variations in the IW distribution from 1992 to 2010 in China.  The digital number values per unit area (DNP) of each stable light image were calculated using nighttime light imagery and were regressed against the IW per unit area (IWP) to estimate the total industrial wastewater (TIW) for each province. The results indicated strong positive correlations between the DNP and the IWP for each province during different years. The fitted linear regression models were used to estimate IW discharge in China with reliable accuracy. The IW estimation using the satellite data was consistent with the statistical results. The results also revealed that the IW discharge coverage expanded, whereas the IW discharge intensity decreased from 1992 to 2010 in China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6087566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,14]],"date-time":"2014-08-14T10:37:25Z","timestamp":1408012645000},"page":"7566-7579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Industrial Wastewater Discharge Retrieval Based on Stable Nighttime Light Imagery in China from 1992 to 2010"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0287-8197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaofu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University,  Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University,  Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"given":"Panpan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University,  Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"given":"Hengpeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 210008, China"}]},{"given":"Zhengqin","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University,  Nanjing 210095, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00f6r\u00f6smarty, C.J., Green, P., Salisbury, J., and Lammers, R.B. (2000). Global water resources: Vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Science, 289.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5477.284"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6253","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605739104","article-title":"Assessing the water challenge of a new green revolution in developing countries","volume":"104","author":"Lannerstad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-011-9804-3","article-title":"Relationships between satellite observed lit area and water footprints","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1999.0124","article-title":"Diffuse pollution from agriculture\u2014A worldwide outlook","volume":"39","author":"Novotny","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1038\/4351179a","article-title":"China\u2019s environment in a globalizing world","volume":"435","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Loucks, D.P., and van Beek, E. (2005). Water Resources Systems Planning and Management\u2014Facts about Water, UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219471","article-title":"Water sustainability for china and beyond","volume":"337","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1366-7017(02)00004-1","article-title":"Water is an economic good: How to use prices to promote equity, efficiency, and sustainability","volume":"4","author":"Rogers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Policy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2001)051[0373:RNLTTG]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Reducing nitrogen loading to the gulf of mexico from the mississippi river basin: Strategies to counter a persistent ecological problem ecotechnology\u2014The use of natural ecosystems to solve environmental problems\u2014Should be a part of efforts to shrink the zone of hypoxia in the gulf of Mexico","volume":"51","author":"Mitsch","year":"2001","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00935-4","article-title":"Agricultural nutrient inputs to rivers and groundwaters in the UK: Policy, environmental management and research needs","volume":"282","author":"Withers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(97)00204-4","article-title":"Development and test of a spatially distributed hydrological\/water quality model for mesoscale watersheds","volume":"106","author":"Krysanova","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecol. Model"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2004.00170.x","article-title":"A GIS-coupled hydrological model system for the watershed assessment of agricultural nonpoint and point sources of pollution","volume":"8","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"322","article-title":"Investigating rural poverty and marginality in Burkina Faso using remote sensing-based products","volume":"26","author":"Imran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.03.001","article-title":"Exploring factors affecting the relationship between light consumption and gdp based on DMSP\/OLS nighttime satellite imagery","volume":"134","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.1997.00115.x","article-title":"Satellite inventory of human settlements using nocturnal radiation emissions: A contribution for the global toolchest","volume":"3","author":"Elvidge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.032","article-title":"Mapping urbanization dynamics at regional and global scales using multi-temporal DMSP\/OLS nighttime light data","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"40","article-title":"Night on earth: Mapping decadal changes of anthropogenic night light in Asia","volume":"22","author":"Small","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.02.002","article-title":"Spatial analysis of global urban extent from DMSP-OLS night lights","volume":"96","author":"Small","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697218485","article-title":"Relation between satellite observed visible-near infrared emissions, population, economic activity and electric power consumption","volume":"18","author":"Elvidge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021705","article-title":"Evaluating the ability of NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data to estimate the gross domestic product and the electric power consumption of China at multiple scales: A comparison with DMSP-OLS data","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Object-based spatial cluster analysis of urban landscape pattern using nighttime light satellite images: A case study of China","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.04.015","article-title":"Normalization of time series DMSP-OLS nighttime light images for urban growth analysis with Pseudo invariant features","volume":"128","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00078-6","article-title":"A scale-adjusted measure of \u201curban sprawl\u201d using nighttime satellite imagery","volume":"86","author":"Sutton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2014.905728","article-title":"Evaluation of NPP-VIIRS night-time light composite data for extracting built-up urban areas","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5569","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.792970","article-title":"Spatial improvement of human population distribution based on multi-sensor remote-sensing data: An input for exposure assessment","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500181861","article-title":"DMSP\/OLS night-time light imagery for urban population estimates in the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"27","author":"Amaral","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802430693","article-title":"Modelling the population density of china at the pixel level based on DMSP\/OLS non-radiance-calibrated night-time light images","volume":"30","author":"Zhuo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.69.5.545","article-title":"Building and evaluating models to estimate ambient population density","volume":"69","author":"Sutton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(01)00040-5","article-title":"Night-time lights of the world: 1994\u20131995","volume":"56","author":"Elvidge","year":"2001","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09147-1_18","article-title":"Cokriging areal interpolation for estimating economic activity using night-time light satellite data","volume":"8582","author":"Triantakonstantis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802345685","article-title":"Spatial characterization of electrical power consumption patterns over india using temporal DMSP-OLS night-time satellite data","volume":"30","author":"Chand","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4443","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903277464","article-title":"Estimating energy consumption from night-time DMPS\/OLS imagery after correcting for saturation effects","volume":"31","author":"Letu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-012-0916-3","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of electric power consumption in Chinese mainland from 1995 to 2008 modeled using DMSP\/OLS stable nighttime lights data","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-012-0409-y","article-title":"Estimation of the anthropogenic heat release distribution in China from 1992 to 2009","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toenges-Schuller, N., Stein, O., Rohrer, F., Wahner, A., Richter, A., Burrows, J.P., Beirle, S., Wagner, T., Platt, U., and Elvidge, C.D. (2006). Global distribution pattern of anthropogenic nitrogen oxide emissions: Correlation analysis of satellite measurements and model calculations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos, 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006068"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"NOAA National Geophysical Data Center. Version 4 DMSP-OLS Nighttime Lights Time Series. Available online: http:\/\/ngdc.noaa.gov\/eog\/dmsp\/downloadV4composites.html."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elvidge, C.D., Erwin, E.H., Baugh, K.E., Ziskin, D., Tuttle, B.T., Ghosh, T., and Sutton, P.C. (2009, January 20\u201322). Overview of DMSP nightime lights and future possibilities.. Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/URS.2009.5137749"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Statistical Yearbook (1993\u20132011), China Statistical Press. (In Chinese)."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/8\/7566\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:14:49Z","timestamp":1760217289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/8\/7566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,14]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6087566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6087566","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,14]]}}}