{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T21:14:42Z","timestamp":1768598082421,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]],"date-time":"2014-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1408924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enhanced methods are required for mapping the forest aboveground biomass (AGB) over a large area in Chinese forests. This study attempted to develop an improved approach to retrieving biomass by combining PALSAR (Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar) and WorldView-2 data. A total of 33 variables with potential correlations with forest biomass were extracted from the above data. However, these parameters had poor fits to the observed biomass. Accordingly, the synergies of several variables were explored to identify improved relationships with the AGB. Using principal component analysis and multivariate linear regression (MLR), the accuracies of the biomass estimates obtained using PALSAR and WorldView-2 data were improved to approximately 65% to 71%. In addition, using the additional dataset developed from the fusion of FBD (fine beam dual-polarization) and WorldView-2 data improved the performance to 79% with an RMSE (root mean square error) of 35.13 Mg\/ha when using the MLR method. Moreover, a further improvement (R2 = 0.89, relative RMSE = 17.08%) was obtained by combining all the variables mentioned above. For the purpose of comparison with MLR, a neural network approach was also used to estimate the biomass. However, this approach did not produce significant improvements in the AGB estimates. Consequently, the final MLR model was recommended to map the AGB of the study area. Finally, analyses of estimated error in distinguishing forest types and vertical structures suggested that the RMSE decreases gradually from broad-leaved to coniferous to mixed forest. In terms of different vertical structures (VS), VS3 has a high error because the forest lacks undergrowth trees, while VS4 forest, which has approximately the same amounts of stems in each of the three DBH (diameter at breast height) classes (DBH &gt; 20, 10 \u2264 DBH \u2264 20, and DBH &lt; 10 cm), has the lowest RMSE. This study demonstrates that the combination of PALSAR and WorldView-2 data is a promising approach to improve biomass estimation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6097878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]],"date-time":"2014-08-25T11:58:03Z","timestamp":1408967883000},"page":"7878-7910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Estimating Forest Aboveground Biomass by Combining ALOS PALSAR and WorldView-2 Data: A Case Study at Purple Mountain National Park, Nanjing, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Songqiu","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Measurement and Planning Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa-Vill., Kamiina-Dtrct., Nagano Pref. 399-4598, Japan"},{"name":"Forest Resources and Environment Faculty, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Katoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Measurement and Planning Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa-Vill., Kamiina-Dtrct., Nagano Pref. 399-4598, Japan"}]},{"given":"Qingwei","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Resources and Environment Faculty, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Environment and Ecology Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa-Vill., Kamiina-Dtrct., Nagano Pref. 399-4598, Japan"}]},{"given":"Mingyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Resources and Environment Faculty, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-004-3765-y","article-title":"Quantifying, understanding and managing the carbon cycle in the next decades","volume":"67","author":"Canadell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2009.07.010","article-title":"Beyond Copenhagen: REDD plus, agriculture, adaptation strategies and poverty","volume":"19","author":"Campbell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change-Human and Policy Dimens"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.06.012","article-title":"The use of ALOS\/PALSAR backscatter to estimate above-ground forest biomass: A case study in Western Siberia","volume":"137","author":"Peregon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbs, H.K., Brown, S., Niles, J.O., and Foley, J.A. (2007). Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks: Making REDD a reality. Environ. Res. Lett, 2.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/2\/4\/045023"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herold, M., and Johns, T. (2007). Linking requirements with capabilities for deforestation monitoring in the context of the UNFCCC-REDD process. Environ. Res. Lett, 2.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/2\/4\/045025"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.012","article-title":"Capabilities and limitations of Landsat and land cover data for aboveground woody biomass estimation of Uganda","volume":"117","author":"Avitabile","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168608948931","article-title":"Thematic mapper analysis of coniferous forest structure and composition","volume":"7","author":"Franklin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210119","article-title":"Satellite estimation of tropical secondary forest above-ground biomass: Data from Brazil and Bolivia","volume":"21","author":"Steininger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"701","article-title":"Predicting forest structural parameters using the image texture derived from WorldView-2 multispectral imagery in a dryland forest, Israel","volume":"13","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00039-7","article-title":"Predictive relations of tropical forest biomass from Landsat TM data and their transferability","volume":"85","author":"Foody","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2006.07.015","article-title":"Combining remote sensing imagery and forest age inventory for biomass mapping","volume":"85","author":"Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.12.018","article-title":"Quantification of live aboveground forest biomass dynamics with Landsat time-series and field inventory data: A comparison of empirical modeling approaches","volume":"114","author":"Powell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160310001654923","article-title":"Narrow band vegetation indices overcome the saturation problem in biomass estimation","volume":"25","author":"Mutanga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2006.01.030","article-title":"A comparison of four methods to map biomass from Landsat-TM and inventory data in western Newfoundland","volume":"226","author":"Labrecque","year":"2006","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5589\/m10-037","article-title":"Integration of GLAS and Landsat TM data for aboveground biomass estimation","volume":"36","author":"Duncanson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500486732","article-title":"The potential and challenge of remote sensing-based biomass estimation","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1177\/030913339802200402","article-title":"Optical remote-sensing techniques for the assessment of forest inventory and biophysical parameters","volume":"22","author":"Wulder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90056-6","article-title":"The effects of changes in loblolly pine biomass and soil moisture on ERS-1 SAR backscatter","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"318","article-title":"Remotely sensed L-Band SAR data for tropical forest biomass estimation","volume":"23","author":"Hamdan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Trop. For. Sci"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1109\/36.134090","article-title":"Dependence of radar backscatter on coniferous forest biomass","volume":"30","author":"Dobson","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160121407","article-title":"Sensitivity of space-borne SAR data to forest parameters over sloping terrain. Theory and experiment","volume":"22","author":"Castel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.03.018","article-title":"L and P-band backscatter intensity for biomass retrieval in hemiboreal forest","volume":"115","author":"Sandberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/36.551935","article-title":"An entropy based classification scheme for land applications of polarimetric SAR","volume":"35","author":"Cloude","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.01.008","article-title":"Aboveground biomass retrieval in tropical forests\u2014The potential of combined X- and L-band SAR data use","volume":"115","author":"Englhart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.901027","article-title":"ALOS PALSAR: A pathfinder mission for global-scale monitoring of the environment","volume":"45","author":"Rosenqvist","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.709329","article-title":"Tropical forest mapping using a combination of optical and microwave data of ALOS","volume":"34","author":"Hoan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2002.12.001","article-title":"Airborne P-band SAR applied to the aboveground biomass studies in the Brazilian tropical rainforest","volume":"87","author":"Santos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.02.012","article-title":"Understanding the relationship between aboveground biomass and ALOS PALSAR data in the forests of Guinea-Bissau (West Africa)","volume":"121","author":"Carreiras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.05.029","article-title":"Mapping forest aboveground biomass in the Northeastern United States with ALOS PALSAR dual-polarization L-band","volume":"124","author":"Cartus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2241020","article-title":"Improved mapping of tropical forests with optical and SAR imagery, Part II: Above ground biomass estimation","volume":"6","author":"Rauste","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2011.577829","article-title":"Forest stand biomass estimation using ALOS PALSAR data based on LiDAR-derived prior knowledge in the Qilian Mountain, western China","volume":"33","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(99)00052-8","article-title":"Lidar remote sensing of the canopy structure and biophysical properties of Douglas-fir western hemlock forests","volume":"70","author":"Lefsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.11.016","article-title":"Achieving accuracy requirements for forest biomass mapping: A spaceborne data fusion method for estimating forest biomass and LiDAR sampling error","volume":"130","author":"Montesano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"551","article-title":"Fusion of small-footprint LiDAR and multi-spectral data to estimate plot-level volume and biomass in deciduous and pine forests in Virginia, USA","volume":"50","author":"Popescu","year":"2004","journal-title":"For. Sci"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.03.004","article-title":"Estimation of above- and below-ground biomass across regions of the boreal forest zone using airborne laser","volume":"112","author":"Gobakken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.09.009","article-title":"LiDAR remote sensing of forest biomass: A scale in variant estimation approach using airborne lasers","volume":"113","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.06.003","article-title":"Regional aboveground forest biomass using airborne and spaceborne LiDAR in Qu\u00e9bec","volume":"112","author":"Boudreau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-9-179-2012","article-title":"Mapping tropical forest biomass with radar and spaceborne LiDAR in Lop\u00e9 National Park, Gabon: Overcoming problems of high biomass and persistent cloud","volume":"9","author":"Mitchard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.02.009","article-title":"Using multi-frequency radar and discrete-return LiDAR measurements to estimate above-ground biomass and biomass components in a coastal temperate forest","volume":"69","author":"Tsui","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogram. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2000)050[0419:SFAATF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Secondary forest age and tropical forest biomass estimation using thematic mapper imagery","volume":"50","author":"Nelson","year":"2000","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.08.008","article-title":"Estimating aboveground biomass using Landsat 7 ETM+ data across a managed landscape in northern Wisconsin, USA","volume":"93","author":"Zheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Omar, H. (2010). 8-Bands Research Challenge, Digital Globe."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4092661","article-title":"Tree species classification with random forest using very high spatial resolution 8-band WorldView-2 satellite data","volume":"4","author":"Immitzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6010087","article-title":"Interpretation of forest resources at the individual tree level at Purple Mountain, Nanjing City, China, using WorldView-2 imagery by combining GPS, RS and GIS technologies","volume":"6","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2262634","article-title":"Investigating the capability of few strategically placed Worldview-2 multispectral bands to discriminate forest species in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"7","author":"Peerbhay","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4040810","article-title":"Improved forest biomass and carbon estimations using texture measures from WorldView-2 satellite data","volume":"4","author":"Eckert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.03.021","article-title":"Forest biomass mapping from Lidar and radar synergies","volume":"115","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.03.011","article-title":"Estimating tropical forest biomass with a combination of SAR image texture and Landsat TM data: An assessment of predictions between regions","volume":"70","author":"Cutler","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogram. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"State Forestry Administration of China The Main Results of the 7th National Forest Resource Inventory (2004\u20132008). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Jiangsu Forestry Investigation and Planning Institute (2002). Report on the Forest Resources of the Purple Mountain National Park, Purple Mountain National Park Administration. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-005-0100-x","article-title":"Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests","volume":"145","author":"Chave","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"497","article-title":"Biomass and net production of forest vegetation in China","volume":"16","author":"Fang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta. Ecol. Sin"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3915","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2023909","article-title":"PALSAR polarimetric calibration and geometric calibration","volume":"47","author":"Shimada","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"624","article-title":"Quantataive analysis of relationship between ALOS PALSAR backscatter and forest stand volume","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Marine Sci. Tech"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1109\/36.673687","article-title":"A three-component scattering model for Polarimetric SAR data","volume":"36","author":"Freeman","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.852084","article-title":"Four-component scattering model for Polarimetric SAR image decomposition","volume":"43","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3452","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2076285","article-title":"Model-Based decomposition of Polarimetric SAR covariance matrices constrained for nonnegative eigenvalues","volume":"49","author":"Arii","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2011.626081","article-title":"Characterization of forests and deforestation in Cambodia using ALOS\/PALSAR observation","volume":"27","author":"Avtar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geocarto. Int"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1109\/36.485127","article-title":"A review of target decomposition theorems in radar Polarimetry","volume":"34","author":"Cloude","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"198","article-title":"Land use and land cover classification using RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR image","volume":"XXXVIII","author":"Qi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogram. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Kim, Y., and van Zyl, J. (2001, January 9\u201313). Comparison of forest parameter estimation techniques using SAR data. Sydney, NSW, Australia."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1466-822X.2001.00248.x","article-title":"Mapping the biomass of Bornean tropical rain forest from remotely sensed data","volume":"10","author":"Foody","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00130-X","article-title":"Remote sensing estimates of boreal and temperate forest woody biomass: carbon pools, sources, and sinks","volume":"84","author":"Dong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2006.12.018","article-title":"Satellite-based estimation of biomass carbon stocks for northeast China\u2019s forests between 1982 and 1999","volume":"240","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.12.012","article-title":"Estimating aboveground forest biomass from canopy reflectance model inversion in mountainous terrain","volume":"114","author":"Soenen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1109\/36.387580","article-title":"Correlating radar backscatter with components of biomass in loblolly pine forests","volume":"33","author":"Kasischke","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.03.002","article-title":"Potential of texture measurements of two-date dual polarization PALSAR data for the improvement of forest biomass estimation","volume":"69","author":"Sarker","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogram. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4020","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2034464","article-title":"Employing a method on SAR and optical images for forest biomass estimation","volume":"47","author":"Amini","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00155-1","article-title":"Evaluation of approaches aboveground biomass in using SIR-C data","volume":"59","author":"Harrell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00166-8","article-title":"Characterization of forests in Western Sayani Mountains, Siberia from SAR data","volume":"75","author":"Ranson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1109\/36.406674","article-title":"Estimation of forest biomass characteristics in northern Michigan with SIR-C\/XSAR data","volume":"33","author":"Dobson","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697219024","article-title":"Observations on the relationship between SIR-C radar backscatter and the biomass of regenerating tropical forests","volume":"18","author":"Foody","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90056-P","article-title":"Estimating structural attributes of Douglas-fir\/western hemlock forest stands from Landsat and Spot imagery","volume":"41","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/36.739154","article-title":"Retrieval of biomass in boreal forests from multi-temporal ERS-1 and JERS-1 SAR data","volume":"37","author":"Kurvonen","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2011.2176720","article-title":"Modeling aboveground biomass in tropical forests using Multi-Frequency SAR data\u2014A comparison of methods","volume":"5","author":"Englhart","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2205260","article-title":"Biomass estimation of a temperate deciduous forest using wavelet analysis","volume":"51","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1109\/36.536527","article-title":"Radiometric slope correction of synthetic-aperture radar images","volume":"34","author":"Ulander","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1109\/36.843047","article-title":"Slope corrections to normalized RCS using SAR interferometry","volume":"38","author":"Shimada","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5598","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.794985","article-title":"Estimation of the North\u2013South transect of Eastern China forest biomass using remote sensing and forest inventory data","volume":"34","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"160","article-title":"Estimation of forest above-ground biomass using multi-parameter remote sensing data over a cold and arid area","volume":"14","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2086436","article-title":"An evaluation of the ALOS PALSAR L-band backscatter-above ground biomass relationship Queensland, Australia: Impacts of surface moisture condition and vegetation structure","volume":"3","author":"Lucas","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.08.022","article-title":"Soil moisture limitations on monitoring boreal forest regrowth using spaceborne L-band SAR data","volume":"115","author":"Kasischke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1109\/36.649798","article-title":"Theoretical limits to the estimation of the leaf area index on the basis of visible and near-infrared remote sensing data","volume":"35","author":"Gobron","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2068574","article-title":"Improved biomass estimation using the texture parameters of two high-resolution optical sensors","volume":"49","author":"Nichol","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169408954177","article-title":"The red edge position and shape as indicators of plant chlorophyll content, biomass and hydric status","volume":"15","author":"Filella","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210461","article-title":"Estimating the stem carbon production of a coniferous forest using an ecosystem simulation model driven by the remotely sensed red edge","volume":"21","author":"Lucas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00084-4","article-title":"Spectroscopic determination of leaf biochemistry using band-depth analysis of absorption features and stepwise multiple linear regression","volume":"67","author":"Kokaly","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.07.008","article-title":"Estimating aboveground biomass in forest and oil palm plantation in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo using ALOS PALSAR data","volume":"262","author":"Morel","year":"2011","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/9\/7878\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:15:12Z","timestamp":1760217312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/9\/7878"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6097878"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6097878","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]]}}}