{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T18:08:53Z","timestamp":1774030133397,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,28]],"date-time":"2014-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41171265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41171265"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["40801131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40801131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)","award":["2013CB733402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013CB733402"]}]},{"name":"open foundation of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics","award":["1103108-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1103108-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a primitive-based 3D building roof modeling method, by integrating LiDAR data and aerial imagery, is proposed. The novelty of the proposed modeling method is to represent building roofs by geometric primitives and to construct a cost function by using constraints from both LiDAR data and aerial imagery simultaneously, so that the accuracy potential of the different sensors can be tightly integrated for the building model generation by an integrated primitive\u2019s parameter optimization procedure. To verify the proposed modeling method, both simulated data and real data with simple buildings provided by ISPRS (International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing), were used in this study. The experimental results were evaluated by the ISPRS, which demonstrate the proposed modeling method can integrate LiDAR data and aerial imagery to generate 3D building models with high accuracy in both the horizontal and vertical directions.  The experimental results also show that by adding a component, such as a dormer, to the primitive, a variant of the simple primitive is constructed, and the proposed method can generate a building model with some details.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6098107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,28]],"date-time":"2014-08-28T10:37:35Z","timestamp":1409222255000},"page":"8107-8133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["3D Building Roof Modeling by Optimizing Primitive\u2019s Parameters Using Constraints from LiDAR Data and Aerial Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Wuming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Hongtao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University,  Jiaozuo 454003, China"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohn, G., Jung, J., Jwa, Y., and Armenakis, C. 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