{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T14:19:23Z","timestamp":1762352363954,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,19]],"date-time":"2014-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work investigates the possibility of performing target analysis through the Multi-Chromatic Analysis (MCA), a technique that basically explores the information content of sub-band images obtained by processing portions of the range spectrum of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image. According to the behavior of the SAR signal at the different sub-bands, MCA allows target classification. Two strategies have been experimented by processing TerraSAR-X images acquired over the Venice Lagoon, Italy: one exploiting the phase of interferometric sub-band pairs, the other using the spectral coherence derived by computing the coherence between sub-band images of a single SAR acquisition. The first approach introduces the concept of frequency-persistent scatterers (FPS), which is complementary to that of the time-persistent scatterers (PS). FPS and PS populations have been derived and analyzed to evaluate the respective characteristics and the physical nature of the targets. Spectral coherence analysis has been applied to vessel detection, according to the property that, in presence of a random distribution of surface scatterers, as for open sea surfaces, spectral coherence is expected to be proportional to sub-band intersection, while in presence of manmade structures it is preserved anyhow. First results show that spectral coherence is well preserved even for very small vessels, and can be used as a complementary information channel to constrain vessel detection in addition to classical Constant False Alarm Rate techniques based on the sole intensity channel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6098822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,19]],"date-time":"2014-09-19T11:03:02Z","timestamp":1411124582000},"page":"8822-8843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Multi-Chromatic Analysis of SAR Images for Coherent Target Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Fabio","family":"Bovenga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR-ISSIA, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Derauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Spatial de Li\u00e8ge, Avenue du Pr\u00e9-Aily, Angleur 4031, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR-ISSIA, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Barbier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Spatial de Li\u00e8ge, Avenue du Pr\u00e9-Aily, Angleur 4031, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Refice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR-ISSIA, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Veneziani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR-ISSIA, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Vitulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keperlaan 1, Noordwijk 2201 AZ, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022281310882","article-title":"A wide-band approach to absolute phase retrieval in SAR interferometry","volume":"14","author":"Veneziani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Multidimension. Syst. Sign. Proc"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4790","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2230633","article-title":"Multi-chromatic analysis of InSAR data","volume":"51","author":"Bovenga","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Bovenga, F., Giacovazzo, V.M., Refice, A., Veneziani, N., Derauw, D., and Vitulli, R. (2011, January 14\u201316). Interferometric multi-chromatic analysis of TerraSAR-X data. Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2308420","article-title":"Interferometric multi-chromatic analysis of satellite wideband SAR data","volume":"11","author":"Bovenga","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/36.898661","article-title":"Permanent Scatterers in SAR Interferometry","volume":"39","author":"Ferretti","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903329356","article-title":"Wide band SAR sub-band splitting and inter-band coherence measurements","volume":"1","author":"Derauw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2107914","article-title":"Time-frequency analysis in high-resolution SAR imagery","volume":"49","author":"Spigai","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.860950","article-title":"Polarimetric and interferometric characterization of coherent scatterers in urban areas","volume":"44","author":"Schneider","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2276023","article-title":"DInSAR pixel selection based on sublook spectral correlation along time","volume":"52","author":"Iglesias","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Sanjuan-Ferrer, M. J., Hajnsek, I., and Papathanassiou, K.P. (2014, January 3\u20135). Detection of coherent scatterers in SAR data: Application for urban environments. Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marino, A., Sanjuan-Ferrer, M.J., Hajnsek, I., and Ouchi, K. (2014, January 13\u201318). Ship detectors exploiting spectral analysis of SAR images. Quebec City, PQ, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2014.6946590"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Bovenga, F., Refice, A., Nutricato, R., Guerriero, L., and Chiaradia, M.T. (2004, January 6\u201310). SPINUA: A flexible processing chain for ERS\/ENVISAT long term interferometry. Salzburg, Austria."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2217935","article-title":"Side-lobe cancelation in D-InSAR pixel selection with SVA","volume":"10","author":"Iglesias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bovenga, F., Rana, F.M., Refice, A., Nitti, O.D, and Veneziani, N. (2013, January 21\u201326). Frequency coherent vs. temporally coherent targets. Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2013.6721103"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1109\/36.298013","article-title":"The wavenumber shift in SAR interferometry","volume":"32","author":"Gatelli","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Crisp, D. (2004). The State-of-the-Art in Ship Detection in Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Division (ISRD)."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehner, S., Brusch, S., and Fritz, T. (2009, January 11\u201314). Ship surveillance by joint use of SAR and AIS. Bremen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANSE.2009.5278254"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Silva, V.M.G., and Greidanus, H. (2011). JRC-SAR Satellite Small Boat Detection Campaign-Portoroz-Slovenia, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Arnaud, A. (July, January 28). Ship detection by SAR interferometry. Hamburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vachon, P.W. (2006, January 23\u201325). Ship detection in synthetic aperture radar imagery. St. John\u2019s, NL, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2007.4423066"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2004.827462","article-title":"Ship detection based on coherence images derived from cross correlation of multi-look SAR images","volume":"1","author":"Ouchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169108955220","article-title":"Speckle cross-correlation function in multi-look SAR images of moving discrete scatterers","volume":"12","author":"Ouchi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"544","article-title":"Coherence estimation in synthetic aperture radar data based on speckle noise modeling","volume":"46","author":"Pottier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/9\/8822\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:16:06Z","timestamp":1760217366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/9\/8822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,19]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6098822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6098822","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,19]]}}}