{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:08:20Z","timestamp":1780981700387,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":5,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]],"date-time":"2014-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA","award":["NNG07HW18C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNG07HW18C"]}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["NNG09HP18C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNG09HP18C"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract: This paper discusses the pre-launch spectral characterization of the Operational Land Imager (OLI) at the component, assembly and instrument levels and relates results of those measurements to artifacts observed in the on-orbit imagery. It concludes that the types of artifacts observed and their magnitudes are consistent with the results of the  pre-launch characterizations. The OLI in-band response was characterized both at the integrated instrument level for a sampling of detectors and by an analytical stack-up of component measurements. The out-of-band response was characterized using a combination of Focal Plane Module (FPM) level measurements and optical component level measurements due to better sensitivity. One of the challenges of a pushbroom design is to match the spectral responses for all detectors so that images can be flat-fielded regardless of the spectral nature of the targets in the imagery. Spectral variability can induce striping (detector-to-detector variation), banding (FPM-to-FPM variation) and other artifacts in the final data products. Analyses of the measured spectral response showed that the maximum discontinuity between FPMs due to spectral filter differences is 0.35% for selected targets for all bands except for Cirrus, where there is almost no signal. The average discontinuity between FPMs is 0.12% for the same targets. These results were expected and are in accordance with the OLI requirements. Pre-launch testing identified low levels (within requirements) of spectral crosstalk amongst the three HgCdTe (Cirrus, SWIR1 and SWIR2) bands of the OLI and on-orbit data confirms this crosstalk in the imagery. Further post-launch analyses and simulations revealed that the strongest crosstalk effect is from the SWIR1 band to the Cirrus band; about 0.2% of SWIR1 signal leaks into the Cirrus. Though the total crosstalk signal is only a few counts, it is evident in some scenes when the in-band cirrus signal is very weak. In moist cirrus-free atmospheres and over typical land surfaces, at least 30% of the cirrus signal was due to the SWIR1 band. In the SWIR1 and SWIR2 bands, crosstalk accounts for no more than 0.15% of the total signal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61010232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]],"date-time":"2014-10-23T12:28:28Z","timestamp":1414067308000},"page":"10232-10251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":331,"title":["The Spectral Response of the Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Barsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Systems and Applications, Inc., NASA\/GSFC Code 618, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenton","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ball Aerospace & Technology Corp., 1600 Commerce Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geir","family":"Kvaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ball Aerospace & Technology Corp., 1600 Commerce Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Markham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA\/GSFC Code 618, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Pedelty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA\/GSFC Code 618, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, E.J., and Kvaran, G. (2014). Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager design, characterization, and performance. Remote Sens, in press.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61110286"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reuter, D.C., Richardson, C., Pellerano, F., Irons, J.R., Allen, R., Anderson, M., Jhabvala, M., Lunsford, A., Montanaro, M., and Smith, R. (2014). The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) on Landsat 8: Design overview and pre-launch characterization. Remote Sens, in press.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70101135"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barsi, J.A., Markham, B.L., and Pedelty, J.A. (2011). The Operational Land Imager: Spectral response and spectral uniformity. Proc. SPIE, 8153.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.895438"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Kvaran, G., Markham, B., and Zalewski, E. (2010, January 23\u201326). Overview of the radiometric calibration of the Operational Land Imager (OLI). Logan, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Berk, A., Anderson, G., Acharya, P., and Shettle, E. (2008). MODTRAN 5.2.0.0 User\u2019s Manual, Air Force Geophysical Laboratory."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/10\/10232\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:17:20Z","timestamp":1760217440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/10\/10232"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]]},"references-count":5,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs61010232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs61010232","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]]}}}