{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T11:40:25Z","timestamp":1781955625257,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,29]],"date-time":"2014-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The timely and reliable estimation of imperviousness is essential for the scientific understanding of human-Earth interactions. Due to the unique capacity of capturing artificial light luminosity and long-term data records, the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)\u2019s Operational Line-scan System (OLS) nighttime light (NTL) imagery offers an appealing opportunity for continuously characterizing impervious surface area (ISA) at regional and continental scales. Although different levels of success have been achieved, critical challenges still remain in the literature. ISA results generated by DMSP-OLS NTL alone suffer from limitations due to systemic defects of the sensor. Moreover, the majority of developed methodologies seldom consider spatial heterogeneity, which is a key issue in coarse imagery applications. In this study, we proposed a novel method for multi-temporal ISA estimation. This method is based on a linear regression model developed between the sub-pixel ISA fraction and a multi-source index with the integrated use of DMSP-OLS NTL and MODIS NDVI. In contrast with traditional regression analysis, we incorporated spatial information to the regression model for obtaining spatially adaptive coefficients at the per-pixel level. To produce multi-temporal ISA maps using a mono-temporal reference dataset, temporally stable samples were extracted for model training and validation. We tested the proposed method in the Yangtze River Delta and generated annual ISA fraction maps for the decade 2000\u20132009. According to our assessments, the proposed method exhibited substantial improvements compared with the standard linear regression model and provided a feasible way to monitor  large-scale impervious surface dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6109359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,29]],"date-time":"2014-09-29T11:16:45Z","timestamp":1411989405000},"page":"9359-9378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["The Integrated Use of DMSP-OLS Nighttime Light and MODIS Data for Monitoring Large-Scale Impervious Surface Dynamics: A Case Study in the Yangtze River Delta"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Zhenfeng","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote sensing,  Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote sensing,  Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150195","article-title":"Global change and the ecology of cities","volume":"319","author":"Grimm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/02757250109532436","article-title":"Remote sensing of impervious surface: A review","volume":"20","author":"Slonecker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Rev"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/01944369608975688","article-title":"Impervious surface coverage: The emergence of a key environmental indicator","volume":"62","author":"Arnold","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"100","article-title":"The importance of imperviousness","volume":"1","author":"Schueler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Watershed Prot. Tech"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0699(2009)14:4(309)","article-title":"Is impervious cover still important? Review of recent research","volume":"14","author":"Schueler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.030","article-title":"Remote sensing of impervious surfaces in the urban areas: Requirements, methods, and trends","volume":"117","author":"Weng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(99)00325-5","article-title":"Characterization of urban stormwater runoff","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-9715(99)00040-X","article-title":"Simulating runoff behavior in an urbanizing watershed","volume":"24","author":"Brun","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114040","article-title":"Streams in the urban landscape","volume":"32","author":"Paul","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/088541202400903563","article-title":"Impervious surfaces and water quality: A review of current literature and its implications for watershed","volume":"16","author":"Brabec","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Plan. Lit"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-010-9542-y","article-title":"The effects of urbanization on net primary productivity in Southeastern China","volume":"46","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Manag"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00081-6","article-title":"Assessing the impact of urban land development on net primary productivity in the Southeastern United States","volume":"86","author":"Milesi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1992)073<0619:IWMIUA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Inadvertent weather modification in urban areas: Lessons for global climate change","volume":"73","author":"Changnon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.06.025","article-title":"Analysis of the microclimatic and human comfort conditions in an urban park in hot and arid regions","volume":"46","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Build. Environ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1890\/04-1484","article-title":"Invertebrate biodiversity in agricultural and urban headwater streams: Implications for conservation and management","volume":"15","author":"Moore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.09.010","article-title":"The use of single-date MODIS imagery for estimating large scale urban impervious surface fraction with spectral mixture analysis and machine learning techniques","volume":"86","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7131","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.519004","article-title":"Fractional forest cover mapping in the Brazilian Amazon with a combination of MODIS and TM images","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2051535","article-title":"Mapping impervious cover using multi-temporal MODIS NDVI data","volume":"4","author":"Knight","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Topics Appl. Earth Obs"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.05.016","article-title":"Temporal mixture analysis for estimating impervious surface area from multi-temporal MODIS NDVI data in Japan","volume":"72","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.873147","article-title":"Phenology-based temporal mixture analysis for estimating large scale impervious surface distributions","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.3390\/s7091962","article-title":"Global distribution and density of constructed impervious surfaces","volume":"7","author":"Elvidge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4443","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903277464","article-title":"Estimating energy consumption from night-time DMPS\/OLS imagery after correcting for saturation effects","volume":"31","author":"Letu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.022","article-title":"The Vegetation Adjusted NTL Urban Index: A new approach to reduce saturation and increase variation in nighttime luminosity","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160304982","article-title":"Validation of urban boundaries derived from global night-time satellite imagery","volume":"24","author":"Henderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.06.001","article-title":"A SVM-based method to extract urban areas from DMSP-OLS and SPOT VGT data","volume":"113","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.03.004","article-title":"A cluster-based method to map urban area from DMSP\/OLS nightlights","volume":"147","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.05.009","article-title":"Regional mapping of human settlements in southeastern China with multisensor remotely sensed data","volume":"112","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-012-5568-2","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of impervious surface areas across China during the early 21st century","volume":"58","author":"Kuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169508954549","article-title":"Exploring a V-I-S (vegetation-impervious surface-soil) model for urban ecosystem analysis through remote sensing\u2014Comparative anatomy for cities","volume":"16","author":"Ridd","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, A., Friedl, M., and Potere, D. (2009). A new map of global urban extent from MODIS data. Environ. Res. Lett, 4.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/4\/4\/044003"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.03.003","article-title":"Monitoring urban areas globally using MODIS 500 m data: New methods and datasets based on \u201curban ecoregions\u201d","volume":"114","author":"Schneider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Elvidge, C., Hsu, F.C., Baugh, K.E., and Ghosh, T. (2014). Global Urban Monitoring and Assessment through Earth Observation, CRC Press. [1st ed]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.032","article-title":"Mapping urbanization dynamics at regional and global scales using multi-temporal DMSP\/OLS nighttime light data","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2178031","article-title":"A saturated light correction method for DMSP\/OLS nighttime satellite imagery","volume":"50","author":"Letu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"131","article-title":"Methods used for the 2006 radiance lights","volume":"30","author":"Ziskin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pro. Asia-Pac. Adv. Netw"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5063057","article-title":"Potential of NPP-VIIRS nighttime light imagery for modeling the regional economy of China","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2013.798710","article-title":"MNDISI: A multi-source composition index for impervious surface area estimation at the individual city scale","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.02.005","article-title":"A spatially adaptive spectral mixture analysis for mapping subpixel urban impervious surface distribution","volume":"133","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.03.034","article-title":"Incorporating spatial information in spectral unmixing: A review","volume":"149","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.03.022","article-title":"Consistent classification of image time series with automatic adaptive signature generalization","volume":"134","author":"Gray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2011.03.002","article-title":"Climate change and urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta","volume":"35","author":"Gu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Habitat Int"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Version 4 DMSP-OLS Nighttime Lights Time Series. Available online: http:\/\/ngdc.noaa.gov\/eog\/dmsp\/downloadV4composites.html."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System. Available online: https:\/\/earthdata.nasa.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Global Distribution and Density of Constructed Impervious Surfaces. Available online: http:\/\/ngdc.noaa.gov\/eog\/dmsp\/download_global_isa.html."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6531","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903121134","article-title":"Mapping urban areas on a global scale: Which of the eight maps now available is more accurate?","volume":"30","author":"Potere","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"69","article-title":"Mapping the constructed surface area density for China","volume":"31","author":"Sutton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Asia-Pac. Adv. Netw"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3390\/en20300595","article-title":"A fifteen year record of global natural gas flaring derived from satellite data","volume":"2","author":"Elvidge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.06.009","article-title":"Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns of urban impervious surfaces in China: An improved assessment using nighttime light data","volume":"130","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.77.2.181","article-title":"Utilizing temporally invariant calibration sites to classify multiple dates and types of satellite imagery","volume":"77","author":"Fortier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.2307\/143141","article-title":"A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region","volume":"46","author":"Tobler","year":"1970","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1996.tb00936.x","article-title":"Geographically weighted regression: A method for exploring spatial nonstationarity","volume":"28","author":"Brunsdon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Fotheringham, S., Brunsdon, C., and Charlton, M.E. (2002). Geographically Weighted Regression: The Analysis of Spatially Varying Relationships, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1068\/b31148","article-title":"Diffusion and coalescence of Houston Metropolitan Area: Evidence supporting a new urban theory","volume":"32","author":"Dietzel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7609","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.700424","article-title":"Mapping impervious surface expansion using medium resolution satellite image time series: A case study in the Yangtze River Delta, China","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-005-0155-6","article-title":"Multicollinearity and correlation among local regression coefficients in geographically weighted regression","volume":"7","author":"Wheeler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Syst"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsp224","article-title":"Exploring spatial non stationarity of fisheries survey data using geographically weighted regression (GWR): An example from the Northwest Atlantic","volume":"67","author":"Windle","year":"2010","journal-title":"ICES Mar. Sci"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"446","article-title":"Urban spatial expansion process, pattern and mechanism in Yangtze River Delta","volume":"66","author":"Che","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"42","article-title":"Urban growth and environmental impacts in Jing-Jin-Ji, the Yangtze, River Delta and the Pearl River Delta","volume":"30","author":"Haas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"VIIRS DNB Cloud Free Composites. Available online: http:\/\/ngdc.noaa.gov\/eog\/viirs\/download_monthly.html."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elvidge, C.D., Baugh, K.E., Zhizhin, M., and Hsu, F.-C. (2013). Why VIIRS data are superior to DMSP for mapping nighttime lights. Proc. Asia-Pac. Adv. Netw, 35.","DOI":"10.7125\/APAN.35.7"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12705","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020475","article-title":"Suomi NPP VIIRS day-night band on-orbit performance","volume":"118","author":"Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/10\/9359\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:16:27Z","timestamp":1760217387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/10\/9359"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,29]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6109359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6109359","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,29]]}}}