{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T15:35:31Z","timestamp":1774020931136,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]],"date-time":"2014-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNG09HP18C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNG09HP18C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX09AQ57A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX09AQ57A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) has been collecting imagery of the Earth since its launch aboard Landsat 8 in early 2013. In many respects, TIRS has been exceeding its performance requirements on orbit, particularly in terms of noise and stability. However, several artifacts have been observed in the TIRS data which include banding and absolute calibration discrepancies that violate requirements in some scenes. Banding is undesired structure that appears within and between the focal plane array assemblies. In addition, in situ measurements have shown an error in the TIRS absolute radiometric calibration that appears to vary with season and location within the image. The source of these artifacts has been determined to be out-of-field radiance that scatters onto the detectors thereby adding a non-uniform signal across the field-of-view. The magnitude of this extra signal can be approximately 8% or higher (band 11) and is generally twice as large in band 11 as it is in band 10. A series of lunar scans were obtained to gather information on the source of this out-of-field radiance. Analyses of these scans have produced a preliminary map of stray light, or ghost, source locations in the TIRS out-of-field area. This dataset has been used  to produce a synthetic TIRS scene that closely reproduces the banding effects seen in actual TIRS imagery. Now that the cause of the banding has been determined, a stray light optics model is in development that will pin-point the cause of the stray light source. Several methods are also being explored to correct for the banding and the absolute calibration error in TIRS imagery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61110435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]],"date-time":"2014-10-29T11:19:24Z","timestamp":1414581564000},"page":"10435-10456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":166,"title":["Stray Light Artifacts in Imagery from the Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Montanaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sigma Space Corporation, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Gerace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, 54 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA"}]},{"given":"Allen","family":"Lunsford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of America, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Reuter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montanaro, M., Levy, R., and Markham, B. (2014). On-orbit radiometric performance of the Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor. Remote Sens., in press.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61211753"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Barsi, J., Schott, J., Hook, S., Raqueno, N., and Markham, B. (2014). TIRS vicarious radiometric calibration. Remote Sens., in press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reuter, D. (2014). The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) On Landsat 8: Design overview and pre-launch characterization. Remote Sens., in press.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70101135"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2009.05.027","article-title":"QWIP-based thermal infrared sensor for the landsat data continuity mission","volume":"52","author":"Jhabvala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.69.12.1333","article-title":"Landsat coverage of the earth at high latitudes","volume":"69","author":"Bindschadler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"United States Geological Survey Landsat 8. Available online: http:\/\/landsat.usgs.gov\/landsat8.php."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"United States Geological Survey Earth Explorer. Available online: http:\/\/earthexplorer.usgs.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8803","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6098803","article-title":"Radiometric calibration methodology of the Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor","volume":"6","author":"Montanaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"NASA (2012). Landsat Data Continuity Mission Thermal Infrared Sensor Requirements Document\u2014Revision F1, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.839092","article-title":"In-flight validation and recovery of water surface temperature with Landsat-5 thermal infrared data using an automated high-altitude lake validation site at Lake Tahoe","volume":"42","author":"Hook","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA SPICE Toolkit. Available online: http:\/\/naif.jpl.nasa.gov\/naif\/toolkit.html."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.1999.10874709","article-title":"An advanced synthetic image generation model and its application to multi\/hyperspectral algorithm development","volume":"25","author":"Schott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, S., Sanders, N., Goodenough, A., and Gartley, M. (2011). Modeling space-based multispectral imaging systems with DIRSIG. Proc. SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.885540"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schott, J., Brown, S., Gerace, A., and Gartley, M. (2011). Modeling the image performance of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission sensors. Proc. SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.893675"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"NOAA Satellite Information System. GOES Imager Instrument. Available online: http:\/\/noaasis.noaa.gov\/NOAASIS\/ml\/imager.html."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Level 1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS). LAADS Web. Available online: http:\/\/ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov\/."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/11\/10435\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:17:34Z","timestamp":1760217454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/11\/10435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs61110435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs61110435","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]]}}}