{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T17:57:18Z","timestamp":1765994238425,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,31]],"date-time":"2014-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The city of Staufen im Breisgau in southwest Germany suffers from a localized land uplift, which has occurred in the past six years in relation to geothermal drilling activities in 2007. So far, severe damages at 269 buildings have been recorded. The chemical transformation of anhydrite and water to gypsum, resulting in a volume increase, has been attributed as the cause of the uplift. Previous studies provide knowledge on the  spatio-temporal displacement evolution from 2008 through 2011 using leveling and spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) measurements, but lack a detailed representation of vertical and horizontal displacement contributions as well as geophysical modeling. This study focuses not only on continued observation analysis from June 2011 through July 2013, but also on obtaining and evaluating horizontal displacements in Staufen based on combined analysis of TerraSAR-X satellite imagery from both ascending and descending orbits. Applying the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) approach a deceleration of annual cumulative line of sight (LOS) uplift is observable from 13.8 cm \u00b1 0.3 cm (July 2008\u2013July 2009) to 3 cm \u00b1 0.3 cm (July 2012\u2013July 2013) within area of maximum deformation NNE of the drilling zone. Conducting displacement decomposition on ascending and descending data of a common period (October 2012 through July 2013) yields in an approximately symmetric east- and westward motion with maximum values approximately 1 cm and 1.4 cm, respectively. The joint inversion of ascending and descending InSAR data for the common period from October 2012 through July 2013 shows that a horizontal rectangular source with length, width and depth of 177 m \u00b1 19 m, 69 m \u00b1 15 m and 89 m \u00b1 9 m, respectively, can satisfactorily model the observation. The amount of opening at depth shows a decrease in time by about 71% for the period  2011\u20132012 as compared to period 2008\u20132009.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61110571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,31]],"date-time":"2014-10-31T10:32:28Z","timestamp":1414751548000},"page":"10571-10592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ground Surface Response to Geothermal Drilling and the Following Counteractions in Staufen im Breisgau (Germany) Investigated by TerraSAR-X Time Series Analysis and Geophysical Modeling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Christin","family":"Lubitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section 1.4, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Motagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section 1.4, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hermann","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section 1.4, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2010). Geologische Untersuchungen von Baugrundhebungen im Bereich des Erdw\u00e4rmesondenfeldes beim Rathaus in der historischen Altstadt von Staufen i. Br, LGRB Landesamt f\u00fcr Geologie, Bergbau und Rohstoffe Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2012). Zweiter Sachstandsbericht zu den seit dem 01.03.2010 erfolgten Untersuchungen im Bereich des Erdw\u00e4rmesondenfeldes beim Rathaus in der historischen Altstadt von Staufen i. Br, LGRB Landesamt f\u00fcr Geologie, Bergbau und Rohstoffe Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3082","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5063082","article-title":"Remarkable urban uplift in Staufen im Breisgau, Germany: Observations from TerraSAR-X InSAR and leveling from 2008 to 2011","volume":"5","author":"Lubitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3986\/ac.v39i2.96","article-title":"Damage to the historic town of Staufen (Germany) caused by geothermal drillings through anhydrite-bearing formations","volume":"39","author":"Sass","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Carsologica"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/gete.201100018","article-title":"Geothermische Bohrungen in Staufen im Breisgau: Schadensursachen und Perspektiven","volume":"35","author":"Sass","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geotechnik"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Fr\u00fchere Schlossberg-W\u00e4scherei wurde abgerissen. Available online:www.staufen.de\/aktuelles-nachrichten\/hebungsrisse\/fruehere-schlossberg-waescherei-wurde-abgerissen-~164934\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0750041135","article-title":"Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space","volume":"75","author":"Okada","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Hebungsrisse: Runder Tisch vom 14.01.2013. Available online:www.staufen.de\/aktuelles-nachrichten\/hebungsrisse\/protokolle-runder-tisch\/hebungsrisse-runder-tisch-~164899\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooper, A. (2008). A multi-temporal InSAR method incorporating both persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL034654"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Kampes, B.M., Hanssen, R.F., and Perski, Z. (2003, January 1\u20135). Radar interferometry with public domain tools. Proceedings of The Third International Workshop on ERS SAR Interferometry, Frascati, Italy."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.828196","article-title":"A small-baseline approach for investigating deformations on full-resolution differential SAR interferograms","volume":"42","author":"Lanari","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.05.004","article-title":"Surface deformation time series and source modeling for a volcanic complex system based on satellite wide swath and image mode interferometry: The Lazufre system, central Andes","volume":"113","author":"Anderssohn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2008.03852.x","article-title":"Coseismic slip model of the 2007 August Pisco earthquake (Peru) as constrained by Wide Swath radar observations","volume":"174","author":"Motagh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2005.07.013","article-title":"InSAR surface displacement field and fault modelling for the 2003 Bam earthquake (southeastern Iran)","volume":"40","author":"Stramondo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(03)00302-9","article-title":"Fault slip distribution of two June 2000 Mw 6.5 earthquakes in South Iceland estimated from joint inversion of InSAR and GPS measurements","volume":"213","author":"Pedersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sambridge, M., and Mosegaard, K. Monte carlo methods in geophysical inverse problems. Rev. Geophys., 40.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000RG000089"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22078-4_48","article-title":"Source parameters of the September 10, 2008 Qeshem Earthquake in Iran inferred from the bayesian inversion of Envisat and ALOS InSAR observations","volume":"Volume 137","author":"Sneeuw","year":"2012","journal-title":"VII Hotine-Marussi Symposium on Mathematical Geodesy, International Association of Geodesy Symposia"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Lee, F.T., and Abel, J.F. (1983). Publications of the Geological Survey, 1983, U.S. Geological Survey."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Whittaker, B.N., and Reddish, D.J. (1989). Subsidence\u2013Occurrence, Prediction and Control, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9031(91)91328-F","article-title":"Influence of overburden mass behavioural properties on subsidence limit characteristics","volume":"13","author":"Yao","year":"1991","journal-title":"Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(98)00005-2","article-title":"Ground movements over longwall workings in the Kamptee coalfield, India","volume":"50","author":"Singh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pritchard, M.E., and Simons, M. (2007). An InSAR-based survey of volcano deformation in the central Andes. Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems, 5.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GC000610"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-009-0501-8","article-title":"The role of faulting on surface deformation patterns from pumping-induced groundwater flow (Las Vegas Valley, USA)","volume":"17","author":"Burbey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"van der Meer, F. (2001). Radar Interferometry\u2014Data Interpretation and Error Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Samieie-Esfahany, S., Hanssen, R.F., van Thienen-Visser, K., and Muntendam-Bos, A. (December, January 30). On the effect of horizontal deformation on InSAR subsidence estimates. Proceedings of The Fringe 2009 Workshop, Frascati, Italy."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1029\/98GL51512","article-title":"Effects of topography on the interpretation of the deformation field of prominent volcanoes\u2014Application to Etna","volume":"25","author":"Cayol","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/11\/10571\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:17:41Z","timestamp":1760217461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/11\/10571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,31]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs61110571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs61110571","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,31]]}}}