{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T09:54:07Z","timestamp":1768557247995,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN#-2014-06188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN#-2014-06188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, UNAM"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the scale and rate of mangrove loss globally, it is increasingly important to map and monitor mangrove forest health in a timely fashion. This study aims to identify the conditions of mangroves in a coastal lagoon south of the city of Mazatl\u00e1n, Mexico, using proximal hyperspectral remote sensing techniques. The dominant mangrove species in this area includes the red (Rhizophora mangle), the black (Avicennia germinans) and the white (Laguncularia racemosa) mangrove. Moreover, large patches of poor condition black and red mangrove and healthy dwarf black mangrove are commonly found. Mangrove leaves were collected from this forest representing all of the aforementioned species and conditions. The leaves were then transported to a laboratory for spectral measurements using an ASD FieldSpec\u00ae 3 JR spectroradiometer (Analytical Spectral Devices, Inc., USA). R2 plot, principal components analysis and stepwise discriminant analyses were then used to select wavebands deemed most appropriate for further mangrove classification. Specifically, the wavebands at 520, 560, 650, 710, 760, 2100 and 2230 nm were selected, which correspond to chlorophyll absorption, red edge, starch, cellulose, nitrogen and protein regions of the spectrum. The classification and validation indicate that these wavebands are capable of identifying mangrove species and mangrove conditions common to this degraded forest with an overall accuracy and Khat coefficient higher than 90% and 0.9, respectively. Although lower in accuracy, the classifications of the stressed (poor condition and dwarf) mangroves were found to be satisfactory with accuracies higher than 80%. The results of this study indicate that it could be possible to apply laboratory hyperspectral data for classifying mangroves, not only at the species level, but also according to their health conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61211673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T11:01:31Z","timestamp":1416913291000},"page":"11673-11688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Separating Mangrove Species and Conditions Using Laboratory Hyperspectral Data: A Case Study of a Degraded Mangrove Forest of the Mexican Pacific"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6685-0137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geology, Algoma University, 1520 Queen Street East,  Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2G4, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0520-3996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Nipissing University, 100 College Drive, North Bay, ON P1B 8L7, Canada"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City,  TN 37614, USA"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Flores-Verdugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto del Ciencias del Mar y Limnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mazatl\u00e1n, SIN 82040, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Flores-de-Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico,  A.P. 70-305, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoac\u00e1n D.F. 04510, M\u00e9xico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-004-0003-3","article-title":"Mapping land cover and mangrove structures with remote sensing techniques: A contribution to a synoptic GIS in support of coastal management in North Brazil","volume":"34","author":"Krause","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.7773\/cm.v34i4.1320","article-title":"Mapping coastal wetland using C-band ENVISAT ASAR and landsat optical data","volume":"34","author":"Kovacs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cienc. Mar."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2008.01.007","article-title":"Applying remote sensing techniques to monitor shifting wetland vegetation: A case study of Danshui River estuary mangrove communities, Taiwan","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699211813","article-title":"A comparative study on spatial and spectral resolutions of satellite data in mapping mangrove forests","volume":"20","author":"Gao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698215801","article-title":"Remote sensing techniques for mangrove mapping","volume":"19","author":"Green","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049109354302","article-title":"The measurement of mangrove characteristics in southwest Florida using SPOT multispectral data","volume":"6","author":"Jensen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Geocarto. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11273-009-9169-z","article-title":"Multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing for identification and mapping of wetland vegetation: A review","volume":"18","author":"Adam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wetl. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11273-013-9290-x","article-title":"The influence of seasonality in estimating mangrove leaf chlorophyll-a content from hyperspectral data","volume":"21","author":"Kovacs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wetl. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spectral response to varying levels of leaf pigments collected from a degraded mangrove forest","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020891","article-title":"Relationship between hyperspectral measurements and mangrove leaf nitrogen concentrations","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1672\/18-20","article-title":"Hyperspectral image data for mapping wetland vegetation","volume":"23","author":"Hirano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"433","article-title":"The assessment of mangrove areas using high resolution multispectral airborne imagery","volume":"14","author":"Green","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Coastal Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000066323","article-title":"High resolution mapping of tropical mangrove ecosystems using hyperspectral and radar remote sensing","volume":"24","author":"Held","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3102222","article-title":"Hyperspectral data for mangrove species mapping: A comparison of pixel-based and object-based approach","volume":"3","author":"Kamal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/10106040701204354","article-title":"Spectral analysis of coastal vegetation and land cover using AISA+ hyperspectral data","volume":"22","author":"Jensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geocarto. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Demuro, M., and Chisholm, L. Assessment of Hyperion for Characterizing Mangrove Communities, Available online: http:\/\/url\/?q=ftp:\/\/popo.jpl.nasa.gov\/pub\/docs\/workshops\/03_docs\/Demuro_AVIRIS_2003_web.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3562","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5073562","article-title":"Discrimination of tropical mangroves at the species level with EO-1 hyperion data","volume":"5","author":"Koedsin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquabot.2008.02.009","article-title":"Ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forests: A review","volume":"89","author":"Walters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquat. Bot."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1968.1054102","article-title":"On the mean accuracy of statistical pattern recognizers","volume":"14","author":"Hughes","year":"1968","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Gomez-Chova, L., Calpe, J., Camps-Valls, G., Martin, J., Soria, E., Vila, J., Alonso-Chorda, L., and Moreno, J. (2003, January 21\u201325). Feature selection of hyperspectral data through local correlation and SFFS for crop classification. Proceedings of IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2007.05.006","article-title":"A hyperspectral band selector for plant species discrimination","volume":"62","author":"Vaiphasa","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, M.D., Shu, J.O., and Chen, Z.G. (2010). Classification of hyperspectral remote sensing image based on genetic algorithm and SVM. Proc. SPIE, 7809.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.860153"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Zhuo, L., Zheng, J., Wang, F., Li, X., Ai, B., and Qian, J. A Genetic Algorithm Based Wrapper Feature Selection Method for Classification of Hyperspectral Images Using Support Vector Machine. Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-DLYJ200803004.htm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thenkabail, P.S., Lyon, G.J., and Huete, A. (2011). Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b11222-41"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00196-7","article-title":"Spectral discrimination of vegetation types in a coastal wetland","volume":"85","author":"Schmidt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.03.013","article-title":"Accuracy assessments of hyperspectral waveband performance for vegetation analysis applications","volume":"91","author":"Thenkabail","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2005.06.014","article-title":"Tropical mangrove species discrimination using hyperspectral data: A laboratory study","volume":"65","author":"Vaiphasa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"118","article-title":"Imaging spectrometry on mangrove species identification and mapping in Malaysia","volume":"8","author":"Kamaruzaman","year":"2007","journal-title":"WSEAS Trans. Biol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Mochel, J., and Ponzoni, F.J. Spectral Characterization of Mangrove Leaves in the Brazilian Amazonian Coast: Turia\u00e7u Bay, Maranh\u00e3o State. Available online: http:\/\/www.scielo.br\/pdf\/aabc\/v79n4\/a09v79n4.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802474014","article-title":"Distinguishing mangrove species with laboratory measurements of hyperspectral leaf reflectance","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3354\/meps09474","article-title":"Seasonal changes in leaf chlorophyll a content and morphology in a sub-tropical mangrove forest of the Mexican Pacific","volume":"444","author":"Kovacs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-007-9042-0","article-title":"Use of hyperspectral data to assess the effects of different nitrogen applications on a potato crop","volume":"8","author":"Jain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.2.276","article-title":"The eigenvalues-greater-than-one rule and the reliability of components","volume":"103","author":"Cliff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(89)90069-2","article-title":"Remote sensing of foliar chemistry","volume":"30","author":"Curran","year":"1989","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.04.013","article-title":"Classification of Amazonian primary rain forest vegetation using Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery","volume":"97","author":"Salovaara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s11273-011-9225-3","article-title":"A field based statistical approach for validating a remotely sensed mangrove forest classification scheme","volume":"19","author":"Kovacs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wetl. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.18475\/cjos.v43i2.a6","article-title":"Ecophysiology of a mangrove forest in Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico","volume":"43","author":"Lugo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Caribb. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2005.01446.x","article-title":"Linking physiological processes with mangrove forest structure: Phosphorus deficiency limits canopy development, hydraulic conductivity and photosynthetic carbon gain in dwarf Rhizophora mangle","volume":"29","author":"Lovelock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Cell. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2307\/2963499","article-title":"Effects of nutrient enrichment on growth and herbivory of dwarf red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle)","volume":"65","author":"Feller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.5343\/bms.2012.1032","article-title":"Assessing the utility of a portable pocket instrument for estimating seasonal mangrove leaf chlorophyll contents","volume":"89","author":"Kovacs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1996.00021962008800010001x","article-title":"Nitrogen deficiency detection using reflected shortwave radiation from irrigated corn canopies","volume":"88","author":"Blackmer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90079-5","article-title":"Early detection of plant stress by digital imaging within narrow stress-sensitive wavebands","volume":"50","author":"Carter","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.2307\/2657068","article-title":"Leaf optical properties in higher plants: Linking spectral characteristics to stress and chlorophyll concentration","volume":"88","author":"Carter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/12\/11673\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:55Z","timestamp":1760216995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/12\/11673"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs61211673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs61211673","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]]}}}