{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:32:51Z","timestamp":1761895971314,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cultivated land resources are an important basis of regional sustainability; thus, it is important to determine the distribution of the cultivated land in the Northeast Asia  trans-boundary area of China, Russia and Mongolia, which has a continuous geographic and ecological environment and an uneven population distribution. Extracting information about the cultivated land and determining the spatial and temporal distribution of its features in this large trans-boundary area is a challenge. In this study, we derived information about the cultivated land of the North-South Transect in Northeast Asia by Linear Spectral Mixing Model, using time series data with MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in 2000 and 2010. The validation showed more than 98% pixels with a root mean square error less than 0.05. The overall accuracy and spatial consistency coefficients were 81.63% and 0.78 in 2000 and 72.81% and 0.75 in 2010, respectively. The transect analyses indicate the presence of a greater amount of cultivated land in the south and less in the north. China owns most of the cultivated land in the transect area, followed by Mongolia and then Russia. A gradient analysis revealed a decrease of 34.16% of the cultivated land between 2000 and 2010. The amount of cultivated land decreased 22.37%, 58.93%, and 64.73% in China, Russia, and Mongolia, respectively. An analysis shows that the amount of cultivated land is primarily influenced by the various land development and protection policies in the different counties in this trans-boundary area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61211708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T11:01:31Z","timestamp":1416913291000},"page":"11708-11730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cultivated Land Information Extraction and Gradient Analysis for a North-South Transect in Northeast Asia between 2000 and 2010"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Juanle","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Sichuan Province in second Geographic Information Engineering Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Chengdu 610031, China"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Mengxu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"Construcion of resource and environment science expedition data resource integration system in Northeast Asia","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geoinf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1129","article-title":"Study and implementation on multi dimension data management model in integrated resources and environment scientific expedition\u2014Case in integrated scientific expedition in North China and its neighboring area","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nat. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"266","article-title":"Design, development and application of Northeast Asia resources and environment scientific expedition data platform","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Resour. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"145","article-title":"Decision tree algorithm of automatically extracting farmland information from SPOT-5 images based on characteristic bands","volume":"20","author":"Deng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stern, A.J., Doraiswamy, P.C., and Akhmedov, B. (2009). Techniques for developing land-use classification using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer imagery. J. Appl. Remote Sens., 3.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3106716"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"169","article-title":"Crop classification recognition based on time-series images from HJ satellite","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1607","article-title":"Application of harmonic analysis of time series to extracting the cropland resource in Northeast China","volume":"9","author":"Hou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nat. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wang, H.-S. (2008). Arable Land Information Extraction Using MODIS Multi-Temporal Data. [Ph.D. Thesis, Zhejiang University]."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Bai, M., Liu, H, Huang, W., Qiao, Y., and Mu, X. (2009, January 12\u201314). Automatic farmland extraction from multi-temporal Landsat TM data based on artificial neural network. Proceedings of 2009 Inernational Conference on Geoinformatics, Fairfax, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803794","article-title":"A multiple-cascade-classifier system for a robust and partially unsupervised updating of land-cover maps","volume":"40","author":"Bruzzone","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"213","article-title":"Land-cover classification for Henan Province with time-series MODIS EVI data","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Yang, W.-N., Li, J., and Dai, X.-A. (2010, January 29\u201331). A study of information extraction based on QuickBird data\u2014Taking the extraction of cultivated land for an example. Proceedings of 2010 International Conference on Multimedia Technology (ICMT), Ningbo, China."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Wu, B.-F., Zhou, Y.-M., Zhang, L., and Zhang, N. (2009, January 20\u201322). Object-oriented land cover information extraction in emigration area of Zigui county using high resolution imagery. Proceedings of 2009 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/URS.2009.5137702"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.01.009","article-title":"Object-based crop identification using multiple vegetation indices, textural features and crop phenology","volume":"115","author":"Ngugi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"83","article-title":"Crop area mapping in West Africa using landscape stratification of MODIS time series and comparison with existing global land products","volume":"14","author":"Vintrou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-008-0226-5","article-title":"Using remote sensing and GIS to detect and monitor land use and land cover change in Dhaka Metropolitan of Bangladesh during 1960\u20132005","volume":"150","author":"Dewan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"6","article-title":"Visual interpretation\u2019s applying on land-use types investigation based on QuickBird image\u2014A case study in Xinqiao town of Chuanshan District in Suining City","volume":"30","author":"Yan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Prot. Xinjiang"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"118","article-title":"Precision analysis of rice-planting area in Heilongjiang Province by visual image interpreting applying satellite SPOT4 and SPOT5 images","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"116","article-title":"Study on automatic abstraction techniques of cultivated land information on county level by satellite remote sensing","volume":"10","author":"Dou","year":"2000","journal-title":"China Popul. Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"224","article-title":"Study on automatic abstraction methods of cultivated land information from satellite remote sensing images","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.07.012","article-title":"Using MODIS Terra 250 m imagery to map concentrations of total suspended matter in coastal waters","volume":"93","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"43","article-title":"Advance research on terrestrial transects","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Hong, J., and Wang, J.-L. (2012). Transect Expedition and Thematic Expedition Data Integration Report, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"5","article-title":"Structural crisis of the Russian population","volume":"34","author":"Diao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Siberian Stud."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"8","article-title":"Spatial distribution of population in Russia and its evolution","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Narantungalag, B. (2012). Research on Population Development in Mongolia. [Ph.D. Thesis, Jilin University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"129","article-title":"Empirical analysis of the Sino-Mongolian economic and trade cooperation in the Mongolian side factors","volume":"455","author":"Ren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Econ. Forum"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"167","article-title":"Application of MODIS\/NDVI and MODIS EVI to extracting the information of cultivated land and comparison analysis","volume":"24","author":"Zuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration, http:\/\/modis.gsfc.nasa.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Land Process Distributed Active Archive Center, https:\/\/lpdaac.usgs.gov\/tools."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"GTOPO30, ftp:\/\/edcftp.cr.usgs.gov\/data\/gtopo30\/global\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"GLC2000. http:\/\/bioval.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/products\/glc2000\/glc2000.php."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"GlobCover 2009. http :\/\/due.esrin.esa.int\/globcover\/."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160412331291297","article-title":"GLC2000: A new approach to global land cover mapping from Earth observation data","volume":"26","author":"Belward","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.864370","article-title":"Validation of the global land cover 2000 map","volume":"44","author":"Mayaux","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fritz, S., See, L., McCallum, I., Schill, C., Obersteiner, M., Van der Velde, M., Boettcher, H., Havl\u00edk, P., and Achard, F. (2011). Highlighting continued uncertainty in global land cover maps for the user community. Environ. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/6\/4\/044005"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Bontemps, S., Defourny, P., Bogaert, E.V., Arino, O., Kalogirou, V., and Perez, J.R. (2011). GLOBCOVER 2009 Products Description and Validation Report, European Space Agency."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"A study on the spatial-temporal dynamic changes of land-use and driving forces analyses of China in the 1990s","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1360\/03yd9033","article-title":"Study on spatial pattern of land-use change in China during 1995\u20132000","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-014-1082-6","article-title":"Spatiotemporal characteristics, patterns, and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-010-0483-4","article-title":"Spatial patterns and driving forces of land use change in China during the early 21st century","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.10.021","article-title":"Improved monitoring of vegetation dynamics at very high latitudes: A new method using MODIS NDVI","volume":"100","author":"Beck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2010.505664","article-title":"A time series for monitoring vegetation activity and phenology at 10-daily time steps covering large parts of South America","volume":"4","author":"Atzberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.04.001","article-title":"Inter-comparison of four models for smoothing satellite sensor time-series data to estimate vegetation phenology","volume":"123","author":"Atkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.802519","article-title":"Seasonality extraction by function fitting to time-series of satellite sensor data","volume":"40","author":"Jonsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600209814","article-title":"Reconstructing cloudfree NDVI composites using Fourier analysis of time series","volume":"21","author":"Roerink","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2004.05.006","article-title":"TIMESAT\u2014A program for analyzing time-series of satellite sensor data","volume":"30","author":"Eklundh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Zhang, L.-Z. (2012). Estimation of Land Cover Classification Using Harmonics Analysis and Linear Spectral Mixture Model: A Case Study of Hebei Plain Area. [Ph.D. Thesis, Hebei Normal University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1996)009<0706:ARLSPF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs. Part II: The generation of global fields of terrestrial biophysical parameters from satellite data","volume":"9","author":"Sellers","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Climate"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"138","article-title":"Phenologies from harmonics analysis of AVHRR NDVI time series","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.08.003","article-title":"Normalized spectral mixture analysis for monitoring urban composition using ETM+ imagery","volume":"93","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.09.005","article-title":"Sub-pixel mapping of urban land cover using multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis: Manaus, Brazil","volume":"106","author":"Powell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"383","article-title":"Endmember spectral mixture analysis for the central and eastern area of source region of Yangtze, Yellow and Lantsang Rivers","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Yuan, C. (2008). Estimating Urban Impervious Surface Distribution with RS by Spectral Mixture Analysis: A Case Study of Beijing City. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Central South University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"167","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of four global land cover datasets in China","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1109\/36.911111","article-title":"Fully constrained least squares linear spectral mixture analysis method for material quantification in hyperspectral imagery","volume":"39","author":"Heinz","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1995","article-title":"Land use change and its driving factors in Mongolia from 1992 to 2005","volume":"19","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"3","article-title":"Spatiotemporal characteristics, patterns and causes of land use changes in China since the late 1980s","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sinica"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"144","article-title":"Structural change of Agriculture-Livestock System and affecting factors in Mongolian Plateau","volume":"22","author":"Zhen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Arid Land Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Mongolia Government, National Statistical Office of Mongolia (2005). Mongolian Statistical Year Book 2004, Mongolia Government."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"101","article-title":"Agricultural land privatization, market environment and agricultural development in Russia","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Russian Stud."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"59","article-title":"Review and retrospection of the twenty-year rural land system change in Russia","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acad. J. Russian Stud."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"25","article-title":"The research on the change of settlement and driving forces in Russia Baikal","volume":"40","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Siberian Stud."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/12\/11708\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:55Z","timestamp":1760216995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/12\/11708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs61211708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs61211708","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]]}}}