{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:26:57Z","timestamp":1760243217083,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge of impervious surface areas (ISA) and on their changes in magnitude, location, geometry and morphology over time is significant for a range of practical applications and research alike from local to global scales. Despite this, use of Earth Observation (EO) technology in mapping ISAs within some European Union (EU) countries, such as the United Kingdom (UK), is to some extent scarce. In the present study, a combination of methods is proposed for mapping ISA based on freely distributed EO imagery from Landsat TM\/ETM+ sensors. The proposed technique combines a traditional classifier and a linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) with a series of Landsat TM\/ETM+ images to extract ISA. Selected sites located in Wales, UK, are used for demonstrating the capability of the proposed method. The Welsh study areas provided a unique setting in detecting largely dispersed urban morphology within an urban-rural frontier context.  In addition, an innovative method for detecting clouds and cloud shadow layers for the full area estimation of ISA is also presented herein. The removal and replacement of clouds and cloud shadows, with underlying materials is further explained. Aerial photography with a spatial resolution of 0.4 m, acquired over the summer period in 2005 was used for validation purposes. Validation of the derived products indicated an overall ISA detection accuracy in the order of ~97%. The latter was considered as very satisfactory and at least comparative, if not somehow better, to existing ISA products provided on a national level. The hybrid method for ISA extraction proposed here is important on a local scale in terms of moving forward into a biennial program for the Welsh Government. It offers a much less subjectively static and more objectively dynamic estimation of ISA cover in comparison to existing operational products already available, improving the current estimations of international urbanization and soil sealing. Findings of our study provide important assistance towards the development of relevant EO-based products not only inaugurate to Wales alone, but potentially allowing a cost-effective and consistent long term monitoring of ISA at different scales based on EO technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61211731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T11:01:31Z","timestamp":1416913291000},"page":"11731-11752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Quantifying the Physical Composition of Urban Morphology throughout Wales Based on the Time Series (1989\u20132011) Analysis of Landsat TM\/ETM+ Images and Supporting GIS Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Douglas","family":"Scott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography & Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Llandinam Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DB, Wales, UK"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Petropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography & Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Llandinam Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DB, Wales, UK"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Moxley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, Scotland, UK"}]},{"given":"Heath","family":"Malcolm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, Scotland, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Population 7 billion","volume":"219","author":"Kunzig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Natl Geogr."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Webb, N., Broomfield, M., Cardenas, L., MacCarthy, J., Murrells, T., Pang, Y., Passant, N., Thistlewaite, G., and Thomson, A. (2013). UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory,1990 to 2011: Annual Report for Submission under the Framework Convention on Climate Change, Ricardo-AEA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/01944369608975688","article-title":"Impervious surface coverage: The emergence of a key environmental indicator","volume":"62","author":"Arnold","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2003.08.002","article-title":"Land resource impact indicators of urban sprawl","volume":"23","author":"Hasse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.869984","article-title":"Subpixel analysis of Landsat ETM+ using self-organizing map (SOM) neural networks for urban land cover characterization","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.11.020","article-title":"Mapping the human footprint from satellite measurements in Japan","volume":"88","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16083","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211658109","article-title":"Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools","volume":"109","author":"Seto","year":"2012","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.06.004","article-title":"Object based image analysis for remote sensing","volume":"65","author":"Blaschke","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"12","article-title":"What\u2019s wrong with pixels? Some recent developments interfacing remote sensing and GIS","volume":"6","author":"Blaschke","year":"2001","journal-title":"GeoBIT\/GIS"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699212993","article-title":"Feature selection and land cover classification of a MODIS-like data set for a semiarid environment","volume":"20","author":"Borak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701395203","article-title":"Crop classification by support vector machine with intelligently selected training data for an operational application","volume":"29","author":"Mathur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2012.706648","article-title":"Change detection of surface mining activity and reclamation based on a machine learning approach of multi-temporal Landsat TM imagery","volume":"28","author":"Petropoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Weng, Q. (2010). Remote Sensing of Impervious Surfaces, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Frauman, E., and Wolff, E. (2005, January 14\u201316). Segmentation of very high spatial resolution satellite images in urban areas for segments-based classification. Proceedings for 3rd International Symposium Remote Sensing and Data Fusion Over Urban Areas, Tempe, AZ, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.815972","article-title":"A combined fuzzy pixel-based and object-based approach for classification of high-resolution multispectral data over urban areas","volume":"41","author":"Shackleford","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Yuan, F., and Bauer, M.E. (2006, January 1\u20135). Mapping impervious surface area using high resolution imagery: A comparison of object-based and per pixel classification. Proceedings of ASPRS 2006 Annual Conference, Reno, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2012.668950","article-title":"Spectral angle mapper and object-based classification combined with hyperspectral remote sensing imagery for obtaining land use\/cover mapping in a Mediterranean region","volume":"28","author":"Petropoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2011.08.019","article-title":"Support vector machines and object-based classification for obtaining land-use\/cover cartography from Hyperion hyperspectral imagery","volume":"41","author":"Petropoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.030","article-title":"Remote sensing of impervious surfaces in the urban areas: Requirements, methods, and trends","volume":"117","author":"Weng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"283","article-title":"Object-based sub-pixel mapping of buildings incorporating the prior shape information from remotely sensed imagery","volume":"18","author":"Ling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1999.0447","article-title":"Automatic determination of imperviousness in urban areas from digital orthophotos","volume":"39","author":"Fankhauser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s002670010258","article-title":"Modelling urban growth effects on surface runoff with the integration of remote sensing and GIS","volume":"28","author":"Weng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.09.045","article-title":"Mapping impervious surface change from remote sensing for hydrological modelling","volume":"485","author":"Dams","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Berezowski, T., Chormanski, J., Batelaan, O., Canters, F., and Van de Vorde, T. (2012, January 22\u201327). Quantifying land-cover proportions for urban runoff prediction. The advantage of distributed remote sensing techniques. Proceedings of EGU General Assembly 2012, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5645","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.507258","article-title":"Estimating impervious surfaces from medium spatial resolution imagery: A comparison between fuzzy classification and LSMA","volume":"32","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4080","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2128874","article-title":"Modelling urban heat islands and their relationship with impervious surface and vegetation abundance by using ASTER images","volume":"49","author":"Weng","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2012.752530","article-title":"Landscape metrics for analysing urbanization-induced land use and land cover changes","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168908903937","article-title":"Monitoring urban land cover changes at the urban fringe from SPOT HRV imagery in south-east England","volume":"10","author":"Quarmby","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"553","article-title":"The land cover map of Great Britain: An automated classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper data","volume":"60","author":"Fuller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00142-1","article-title":"Mapping urban change in the UK using satellite radar interferometry","volume":"87","author":"Grey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Kampouraki, M., Wood, G.A., and Brewer, T. (2006, January 4\u20135). The application of remote sensing to identify and measure sealed areas in urban environments. Proceeding from ISPRS 1st International Conference on Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIS 2006), Salzburg, Austria."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinuzzi, S., Gould, W.A., and Gonz\u00e1lez, O.M.R. (2007). Creating Cloud-Free Landsat ETM+ Data Sets in Tropical Landscapes: Cloud and Cloud-Shadow Removal, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry. IITF-GTR-32.","DOI":"10.2737\/IITF-GTR-32"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168208948379","article-title":"The use of contextual information to detect cumulous clouds and cloud shadow in Landsat data","volume":"3","author":"Gurney","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1117\/12.410358","article-title":"Landsat 7 automatic cloud cover assessment","volume":"4049","author":"Irish","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.72.10.1179","article-title":"Characterization of the Landsat-7 ETM+ automated cloud-cover assessment (ACCA) algorithm","volume":"72","author":"Irish","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"453","article-title":"Automated detection and removal of clouds and their shadows from Landsat TM images","volume":"E82-D","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.028","article-title":"Object-based cloud and cloud shadow detection in Landsat imagery","volume":"118","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.720045","article-title":"Automated cloud and shadow detection and filling using two-date Landsat imagery in the USA","volume":"34","author":"Jin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.02.019","article-title":"Cloud and cloud shadow screening across Queensland Australia: An automated method for Landsat TM\/ETM+ time series","volume":"134","author":"Goodwin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2259469","article-title":"A sensor specified method based on spectral transformation for masking cloud in Landsat data","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160151144369","article-title":"Estimation of urban vegetation abundance by spectral mixture analysis","volume":"22","author":"Small","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4131","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110114998","article-title":"Monitoring the composition of urban environments based on the vegetation-impervious surface-soil (VIS) model by subpixel analysis techniques","volume":"23","author":"Phinn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00136-0","article-title":"Estimating impervious surface distribution by spectral mixture analysis","volume":"84","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.01.002","article-title":"Spectral mixture analysis for subpixel vegetation fractions in the urban environment: How to incorporate endmember variability?","volume":"95","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.010","article-title":"Use of impervious surface in urban land-use classification","volume":"102","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2010.10.010","article-title":"Detection of impervious surface change with multitemporal Landsat images in an urban-rural frontier","volume":"66","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2011.08.004","article-title":"Mapping impervious surfaces with the integrated use of Landsat Thematic Mapper and radar data: A case study in an urban-rural landscape in the Brazillian Amazon","volume":"66","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169508954549","article-title":"Exploring a VIS (vegetation-impervious surface-soil) model for urban ecosystem analysis through remote sensing: Comparative anatomy for cities","volume":"16","author":"Ridd","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.05.014","article-title":"Estimating impervious surfaces from medium spatial resolution imagery using the self-organizing map and multi-layer perception neural networks","volume":"113","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4885","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500300222","article-title":"Sub-pixel estimation of urban land cover components with linear mixture model analysis and Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Jones, P.S., Stevens, D.P., Blackstock, T.H., Burrows, C.R., and Howe, E.A. (2003). Priority Habitats of Wales: A Technical Guide, Countryside Council for Wales."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Joint Nature Conservation Committee (2010). Handbook for Phase 1 Habitat Survey\u2014A Technique for Environmental Audit, Joint Nature Conservation Committee."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Revell, P., Regnauls, N., and Thom, S. (2005, January 9\u201316). Generalising OS MasterMap\u00ae topographic buildings and ITN road centerlines to 1:50000 scale using a spatial hierarchy of agents, triangulation and topology. Proceedings of the International Cartographic Conference, A Coruna, Spain."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1179\/000870407X241827","article-title":"UK land cover map production through the generalisation of OS MasterMap\u00ae","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Thomson, M.K. (2009). Dwelling on Ontology-Semantic Reasoning over Topographic Maps. [Ph.D. Thesis, University College London]."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manakos, I., and Braun, M. (2014). Land Use and Land Cover Mapping in Europe, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7969-3"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Lefebvre, A., Beaugendre, N., Pennec, A., Sannier, C., and Corpetti, T. (2013, January 3\u20136). Using data fusion to update built-up areas of the 2012 European High-Resolution Layer Imperviousness. Proceedings of the 33rd EARSeL Symposium Conference, Matera, Italy."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2010.09.004","article-title":"Updating the Phase 1 habitat map of Wales, UK, using satellite sensor data","volume":"66","author":"Lucas","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Baxter, R., and Lees, L. (2009). Regenerating London: Governance, Sustainability and Community in a Global City, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teh, H.T., Lim, H.S., and Matjafri, M.Z. (2011, January 12\u201313). Deriving urban sealed surface density map using linear spectral unmixing analysis. Proceedings of 2011 IEEE International Conference on Space Science and Communication (IconSpace), Penang, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IConSpace.2011.6015895"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, S., and Zhang, G. (2011, January 8\u20139). Analysis on relationship between urban land surface temperature and landcover from Landsat ETM+ data. Proceedings of 2011 Fourth International Symposium on Knowledge Acquisition and Modeling (KAM), Sanya, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/KAM.2011.134"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Sagris, V., and Devos, W. (2008). LPIS Core Conceptual Model: Methodology for Feature Catalogue and Application Schema, Joint Research Centre."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.09.009","article-title":"BCI: A biophysical composition index for remote sensing of urban environments","volume":"127","author":"Deng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169308904402","article-title":"Linear mixing and the estimation of ground cover proportions","volume":"14","author":"Settle","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Kauth, R.J., and Thomas, G.S. (July, January 29). The tasselled cap\u2014A graphic description of the spectral-temporal development of agricultural crops as seen by Landsat. Proceedings of the Symposium on Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data, West Lafayette, IN, USA."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110106113","article-title":"Derivation of a tasselled cap transformation based on Landsat 7 at-satellite reflectance","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90048-B","article-title":"A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data","volume":"37","author":"Congalton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Congalton, R.G., and Green, K. (2008). Assessing the Accuracy of Remotely Sensed Data: Principles and Practices, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420055139"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00295-4","article-title":"Status of land cover classification accuracy assessment","volume":"80","author":"Foody","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weng, Q. (2008). Remote Sensing of Impervious Surfaces, Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420043754.fmatt"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.08.003","article-title":"Normalized spectral mixture analysis for monitoring urban composition using ETM+ imagery","volume":"93","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Enviorn."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"299","article-title":"A comparative analysis of a fixed thresholding vs. a classification tree approach for operational burn scar detection and mapping","volume":"11","author":"Kontoes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"344","article-title":"Land cover mapping with emphasis to burnt area delineation using co-orbital ALI and Landsat TM imagery","volume":"18","author":"Petropoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0025","article-title":"Temporal changes in greenspace in a highly urbanized region","volume":"7","author":"Dallimer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manakos, I., and Braun, M. (2014). Land Use and Land Cover Mapping in Europe, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7969-3"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0699(2009)14:4(369)","article-title":"Evaluation of a moderate resolution, satellite-based impervious surface map using an independent, high-resolution validation data set","volume":"14","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/12\/11731\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:55Z","timestamp":1760216995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/12\/11731"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs61211731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs61211731","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]]}}}