{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T19:08:21Z","timestamp":1774379301410,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,28]],"date-time":"2014-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Estimating forest canopy height from large-footprint satellite LiDAR waveforms is challenging given the complex interaction between LiDAR waveforms, terrain, and vegetation, especially in dense tropical and equatorial forests. In this study, canopy height in French Guiana was estimated using multiple linear regression models and the Random Forest technique (RF). This analysis was either based on LiDAR waveform metrics extracted from the GLAS (Geoscience Laser Altimeter System) spaceborne LiDAR data and terrain information derived from the SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) DEM (Digital Elevation Model) or on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of GLAS waveforms. Results show that the best statistical model for estimating forest height based on waveform metrics and digital elevation data is a linear regression of waveform extent, trailing edge extent,  and terrain index (RMSE of 3.7 m). For the PCA based models, better canopy height estimation results were observed using a regression model that incorporated both the first  13 principal components (PCs) and the waveform extent (RMSE = 3.8 m). Random Forest regressions revealed that the best configuration for canopy height estimation used all  the following metrics: waveform extent, leading edge, trailing edge, and terrain index (RMSE = 3.4 m). Waveform extent was the variable that best explained canopy height, with an importance factor almost three times higher than those for the other three metrics (leading edge, trailing edge, and terrain index). Furthermore, the Random Forest regression incorporating the first 13 PCs and the waveform extent had a slightly-improved canopy height estimation in comparison to the linear model, with an RMSE of 3.6 m. In conclusion, multiple linear regressions and RF regressions provided canopy height estimations with similar precision using either LiDAR metrics or PCs. However, a regression model (linear regression or RF) based on the PCA of waveform samples with waveform extent information is an interesting alternative for canopy height estimation as it does not require several  metrics that are difficult to derive from GLAS waveforms in dense forests, such as those in  French Guiana.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61211883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,28]],"date-time":"2014-11-28T14:11:21Z","timestamp":1417183881000},"page":"11883-11914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Canopy Height Estimation in French Guiana with LiDAR ICESat\/GLAS Data Using Principal Component Analysis and Random Forest Regressions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Fayad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRSTEA, UMR TETIS, 500 rue Jean Fran\u00e7ois Breton, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9461-4120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Baghdadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRSTEA, UMR TETIS, 500 rue Jean Fran\u00e7ois Breton, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4163-5275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-St\u00e9phane","family":"Bailly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AgroParisTech, UMR LISAH, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5323-3866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Barbier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRD, UMP AMAP, Bd de la Lironde, TA A51\/PS2, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ry","family":"Gond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, UPR B&SEF, campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Hajj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVELTIS, 153 rue du Lac, 31670 Lab\u00e8ge, France"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Fabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Airbus Defense and Space, 31 rue des Cosmonautes Z.I. du Palays, 31402 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Bourgine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRGM, 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201609","article-title":"A large and persistent carbon sink in the world\u2019s forests","volume":"333","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184984","article-title":"Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: Global distribution and covariation with climate","volume":"329","author":"Beer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-005-0100-x","article-title":"Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests","volume":"145","author":"Chave","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.09.023","article-title":"Mapping tropical forest carbon: Calibrating plot estimates to a simple LiDAR metric","volume":"140","author":"Asner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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