{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:40:54Z","timestamp":1790397654589,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,24]],"date-time":"2014-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper aims to retrieve temporal high-resolution LAI derived by fusing MOD15 products (1 km resolution), field-measured LAI and ASTER reflectance (15-m resolution). Though the inversion of a physically based canopy reflectance model using  high-resolution satellite data can produce high-resolution LAI products, the obstacle to producing temporal products is obvious due to the low temporal resolution of high resolution satellite data. A feasible method is to combine different source data, taking advantage of the spatial and temporal resolution of different sensors. In this paper, a high-resolution LAI retrieval method was implemented using a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) inversion framework. MODIS LAI data with higher temporal resolution were used to fit the temporal background information, which is then updated by new, higher resolution data, herein ASTER data. The interactions between the different resolution data were analyzed from a Bayesian perspective. The proposed method was evaluated using a dataset collected in the HiWater (Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research) experiment. The determination coefficient and RMSE between the estimated and measured LAI are 0.80 and 0.43, respectively. The research results suggest that even though the coarse-resolution background information differs from the high-resolution satellite observations, a satisfactory estimation result for the temporal high-resolution LAI can be produced using the accumulated information from both the new observations and background information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70100195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,26]],"date-time":"2014-12-26T05:52:39Z","timestamp":1419573159000},"page":"195-210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Retrieval of a Temporal High-Resolution Leaf Area Index (LAI) by Combining MODIS LAI and ASTER Reflectance Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Yonghua","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of CAS, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities,  Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenchao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of CAS, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities,  Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3783-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingguo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geospatial Science, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute of CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1992.tb00992.x","article-title":"Defining leaf area index for non-flat leaves","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110118688","article-title":"A multi-scale approach to mapping effective leaf area index in boreal picea mariana stands using high spatial resolution CASI imagery","volume":"23","author":"Fernandes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00074-3","article-title":"Global products of vegetation leaf area and fraction absorbed PAR from year one of MODIS data","volume":"83","author":"Myneni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.02.030","article-title":"Geov1: LAI, FAPAR essential climate variables and fcover global time series capitalizing over existing products. Part 2: Validation and intercomparison with reference products","volume":"137","author":"Camacho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2237780","article-title":"Use of general regression neural networks for generating the glass leaf area index product from time-series MODIS surface reflectance","volume":"52","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Liu, R., and Chen, J.M. (2012). Retrospective retrieval of long-term consistent global leaf area index (1981\u20132011) from combined AVHRR and MODIS data. J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JG002084"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinty, B., Andredakis, I., Clerici, M., Kaminski, T., Taberner, M., Verstraete, M., Gobron, N., Plummer, S., and Widlowski, J.L. (2011). Exploiting the MODIS albedos with the two-stream inversion package (JRC-TIP): 1. Effective leaf area index, vegetation, and soil properties. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD015372"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.06.018","article-title":"Seasonal variations of leaf area index of agricultural fields retrieved from landsat data","volume":"112","author":"Moreno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00094-4","article-title":"Retrieval of leaf area index in different vegetation types using high resolution satellite data","volume":"86","author":"Colomboa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.04.012","article-title":"Improved land surface emissivities over agricultural areas using ASTER NDVI","volume":"103","author":"Sobrino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"45","article-title":"Estimation of aboveground biomass in mediterranean forests by statistical modelling of ASTER fraction images","volume":"31","author":"Quintano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Observ. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.12.016","article-title":"Mapping leaf area index using spatial, spectral, and temporal information from multiple sensors","volume":"119","author":"Gray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"063554","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.6.063554","article-title":"Simple method for retrieving leaf area index from landsat using MODIS leaf area index products as reference","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrg.20051","article-title":"Characterization and intercomparison of global moderate resolution leaf area index (LAI) products: Analysis of climatologies and theoretical uncertainties","volume":"118","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-521X(94)00018-M","article-title":"Uncertainties in crop, soil and weather inputs used in growth models: Implications for simulated outputs and their applications","volume":"48","author":"Aggarwal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.02.001","article-title":"Lidar sampling for large-area forest characterization: A review","volume":"121","author":"Wulder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00154.1","article-title":"Heihe watershed allied telemetry experimental research (HiWATER): Scientific objectives and experimental design","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2289931","article-title":"Crop leaf area index observations with a wireless sensor network and its potential for validating remote sensing products","volume":"7","author":"Qu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2014.08.003","article-title":"LAINET\u2014A wireless sensor network for coniferous forest leaf area index measurement: Design, algorithm and validation","volume":"108","author":"Qu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4822961","article-title":"Savitzky-golay smoothing filters","volume":"4","author":"Press","year":"1990","journal-title":"Comput. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00005-1","article-title":"Retrieving leaf area index using a genetic algorithm with a canopy radiative transfer model","volume":"85","author":"Fang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00047-0","article-title":"Multiscale analysis and validation of the MODIS LAI product: I. Uncertainty assessment","volume":"83","author":"Tian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"475","article-title":"Assessing the potential productivity of winter wheat using wofost in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-013-0621-x","article-title":"A methodology for estimating leaf area index by assimilating remote sensing data into crop model based on temporal and spatial knowledge","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(90)90100-Z","article-title":"Prospect: A model of leaf optical properties spectra","volume":"34","author":"Jacquemoud","year":"1990","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(84)90057-9","article-title":"Light scattering by leaf layers with application to canopy reflectance modeling: The sail model","volume":"16","author":"Verhoef","year":"1984","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Hosgood, B., Jacquemoud, S., Andreoli, G., Verdebout, J., Pedrini, G., and Schmuck, G. (1995). Leaf Optical Properties EXperiment 93 (LOPEX93), European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Remote Sensing Applications. Report EUR-16095-EN."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90072-R","article-title":"Modeling spectral and bidirectional soil reflectance","volume":"41","author":"Jacquemoud","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.550642","article-title":"A dynamic bayesian network data fusion algorithm for estimating leaf area index using time-series data from in situ measurement to remote sensing observations","volume":"33","author":"Qu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.08.015","article-title":"Estimating leaf area index from MODIS and surface meteorological data using a dynamic bayesian network","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A mathematical theory of communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Techn. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1985.289389","article-title":"Geometric-optical modeling of a conifer forest canopy","volume":"GE-23","author":"Li","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21077","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02371","article-title":"On the derivation of kernels for kernel-driven models of bidirectional reflectance","volume":"100","author":"Wanner","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/1\/195\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:11:38Z","timestamp":1760217098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/1\/195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,24]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs7010195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70100195","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,24]]}}}