{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T11:47:44Z","timestamp":1769946464913,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]],"date-time":"2014-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coal fires, including both underground and coal waste pile fires, result in large losses of coal resources and emit considerable amounts of greenhouse gases. To estimate the annual intensity of greenhouse gas emissions and the loss of coal resources, estimating the annual loss from fire-influenced coal seams is a feasible approach. This study assumes that the primary cause of coal volume loss is subsurface coal seam fires. The main calculation process is divided into three modules: (1) Coal fire quantity calculations, which use change detection to determine the areas of the different coal fire stages (increase\/growth, maintenance\/stability and decrease\/shrinkage). During every change detections, the amount of coal influenced by fires for these three stages was calculated by multiplying the coal mining residual rate, combustion efficiency, average thickness and average coal intensity. (2) The life cycle estimate is based on remote sensing long-term coal fires monitoring.  The life cycles for the three coal fire stages and the corresponding life cycle proportions were calculated; (3) The diurnal burnt rates for different coal fire stages were calculated using the CO2 emission rates from spontaneous combustion experiments, the coal fire life cycle, life cycle proportions. Then, using the fire-influenced quantity aggregated across the different stages, the diurnal burn rates for the different stages and the time spans between the  multi-temporal image pairs used for change detection, we estimated the annual coal loss to be 44.3 \u00d7 103 tons. After correction using a CH4 emission factor, the CO2 equivalent emissions resulting from these fires was on the order of 92.7 \u00d7 103 tons. We also discovered that the centers of these coal fires migrated from deeper to shallower parts of the coal seams or traveled in the direction of the coal seam strike. This trend also agrees with the cause of the majority coal fires: spontaneous combustion of coalmine goafs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70100319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]],"date-time":"2014-12-30T09:42:58Z","timestamp":1419932578000},"page":"319-341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Annual Change Detection by ASTER TIR Data and an Estimation of the Annual Coal Loss and CO2 Emission from Coal Seams Spontaneous Combustion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"College of Survey Engineering and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Center for Geospatial Research, The University of Georgia, Athens,  GA 30602, USA"}]},{"given":"Suping","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Resources and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology,  Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Bernardes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Center for Geospatial Research, The University of Georgia, Athens,  GA 30602, USA"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Survey Engineering and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resource and Environment, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2010.12.001","article-title":"A remote sensing and GIS based investigation of a boreal forest coal fire","volume":"1","author":"Prakash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2005.12.002","article-title":"Coal fire mapping from satellite thermal IR data\u2014A case example in Jharia Coalfield, Jharkhand, India","volume":"2","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2006","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Zhang, J. (2008). Underground Coal Fires in China: Origin, Detection, Fire-Fighting, and Prevention, China Coal Industry Publishing House. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.08.008","article-title":"Potential of small-baseline SAR interferometry for monitoring land subsidence related to underground coal fires: Wuda (Northern China) case study","volume":"2","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"108","article-title":"Assessment of the contribution of in-situ combustion of coal to greenhouse gas emission; based on a comparison of Chinese mining information to previous remote sensing estimates","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2012.10.005","article-title":"Direct estimation of diffuse gaseous emissions from coal fires: Current methods and future directions","volume":"112","author":"Engle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2011.09.003","article-title":"Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from coal fires using airborne and ground-based methods","volume":"2","author":"Engle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2008.12.001","article-title":"Greenhouse gas emissions from low-temperature oxidation and spontaneous combustion at open-cut coal mines in Australia","volume":"78","author":"Carras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.01.037","article-title":"Gas emissions, minerals, and tars associated with three coal fires, Powder River Basin, USA","volume":"420","author":"Engle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"132","article-title":"Multitemporal in-situ mapping of the Wuda coal fires from 2000 to 2005\u2014Assessing coal fire dynamics","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Kuenzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spontaneous Coal Seam Fires: Mitigating a Global Disaster. ERSEC Ecological Book Series"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-5162(03)00109-5","article-title":"Surface analysis of pyrite in the No. 9 coal seam, Wuda Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China, using high-resolution time-of-flight secondary ion mass-spectrometry","volume":"2","author":"Dai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"China Coal Information Research Institute, State Administration of Coal Mine Safety (2009). China Coal Industry Yearbook 2007, China Coal Industry Publishing House. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"China Coal Information Research Institute, State Administration of Coal Mine Safety (2010). China Coal Industry Yearbook 2008, China Coal Industry Publishing House. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Peng, S., and Zhang, J. (1995). Coal Bearing Strata Sedimentary Environment and its Influence in the Wuda Coal Mining Area, Mining Coal Industry Publishing House. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1109\/36.700995","article-title":"A temperature and emissivity separation algorithm for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images","volume":"4","author":"Gillespie","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.001","article-title":"Land surface temperature derived from airborne hyperspectral scanner thermal infrared data","volume":"1","author":"Sobrino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, S.J., Johnson, B.R., and Hackwell, J.A. (2002). An in-scene method for atmospheric compensation of thermal hyperspectral data. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 107.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001266"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, X., Cao, D., Bernardes, S., Jordan, J., Yang, G., and Li, Z. (2014). Self-adaptive gradient based thresholding method for coal fire detection using ASTER thermal infrared data\u2014Part 1, methodology. Remote Sens., submitted.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70606576"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, X., Bernardes, S., Cao, D., Jordan, J., Yan, Z., Yang, G., and Li, Z. (2014). Self-adaptive gradient-based thresholding method for coal fire detection based on ASTER data\u2014Part 2, validation and sensitivity analysis. Remote Sens., submitted.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70302602"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Shenhua Group (2006). New Approaches for Coal Fire Detection, Extinguishment, and Monitoring in Northern China: Early Warning and Monitoring for Coal Fires in the Wuda Coal Field: Report of Shenhua Group, Remote Sensing Exploration Co. Ltd. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"97","article-title":"Evaluation and analysis influential factors of coal spontaneous combustion in Wuda Mine Goaf","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. Saf. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"23","article-title":"Geological models of spontaneous combustion in the Wuda coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"18","author":"Cao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geol. Coal Fires"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"33","article-title":"Experimental research on the combustion efficiency of blended coal injection into BF","volume":"1","author":"Yu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Baosteel Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"181","article-title":"Studies of combustion and slagging characteristics for blended coal with anthracite and bituminous","volume":"2","author":"Zeng","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"35","article-title":"Application of coal blends for washing in Suhaitu coal washing factory","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Coal Prep. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Eggleston, S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., and Tanabe, K. (2006). IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Tetzlaff, A. (2004). Coal Fire Quantification using ASTER, ETM and BIRD Satellite Instrument Data. [Ph.D Thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen (LMU)]."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Litschke, T. (2004). Innovative Technologies for Exploration, Extinction and Monitoring of Coal Fires in North China. [M.Sc. Thesis, University Duisburg-Essen]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2012.07.006","article-title":"Coal fires revisited: The Wuda coal field in the aftermath of extensive coal fire research and accelerating extinguishing activities","volume":"102","author":"Kuenzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"362","article-title":"Automated demarcation, detection and quantification of coal fires in China using remote sensing data","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Kuenzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spontaneous Coal Seam Fires: Mitigating a Global Disaster. ERSEC Ecological Book Series"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/1\/319\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:11:52Z","timestamp":1760217112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/1\/319"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs70100319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70100319","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]]}}}