{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:23:05Z","timestamp":1760242985873,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,9]],"date-time":"2015-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51379056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51379056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA","award":["SOED1414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SOED1414"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of one or two missing passive microwave (PMW) input sensors on the end product of multi-satellite precipitation products is an interesting but obscure issue for both algorithm developers and data users. On 28 January 2013, the Version-7 TRMM Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) products were reproduced and re-released by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center because the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager-Sounder-F16 (SSMIS-F16) input data were unintentionally disregarded in the prior retrieval. Thus, this study investigates the sensitivity of TMPA algorithm results to missing PMW sensors by intercomparing the \u201cearly\u201d and \u201clate\u201d Version-7 TMPA real-time (TMPA-RT) precipitation estimates (i.e., without and with AMSU-B, SSMIS-F16 sensors) with an independent high-density gauge network of 200 tipping-bucket rain gauges over the Chinese Jinghe river basin (45,421 km2). The retrieval counts and retrieval frequency of various PMW and Infrared (IR) sensors incorporated into the TMPA system were also analyzed to identify and diagnose the impacts of sensor availability on the TMPA-RT retrieval accuracy. Results show that the incorporation of AMSU-B and SSMIS-F16 has substantially reduced systematic errors. The improvement exhibits rather strong seasonal and topographic dependencies. Our analyses suggest that one or two single PMW sensors might play a key role in affecting the end product of current combined microwave-infrared precipitation estimates. This finding supports algorithm developers\u2019 current endeavor in spatiotemporally incorporating as many PMW sensors as possible in the multi-satellite precipitation retrieval system called Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement mission (IMERG). This study also recommends users of satellite precipitation products to switch to the newest Version-7 TMPA datasets and the forthcoming IMERG products whenever they become available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70100668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,9]],"date-time":"2015-01-09T09:49:04Z","timestamp":1420796944000},"page":"668-683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Impact of Missing Passive Microwave Sensors on Multi-Satellite Precipitation Retrieval Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Yong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman,  OK 73019, USA"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Gourley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA\/National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK 73072, USA"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.10.050","article-title":"Intercomparison of the Version-6 and Version-7 TMPA precipitation products over high and low latitudes basins with independent gauge networks: Is the newer version better in both real-time and post-real-time analysis for water resources and hydrologic extremes?","volume":"508","author":"Yong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20246","article-title":"First evaluation of the climatological calibration algorithm in the real-time TMPA precipitation estimates over two basins at high and low latitudes","volume":"49","author":"Yong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huffman, G.J., and Bolvin, D.T. Real-Time TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis Data Set Documentation. Available online: ftp:\/\/meso-a.gsfc.nasa.gov\/pub\/trmmdocs\/rt\/3B4XRT_doc_V7.pdf.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2915-7_1"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Huffman, G.J., Adler, R.F., Bolvin, D.T., and Nelkin, E.J. (2010). Satellite Rainfall Applications for Surface Hydrology, Springer."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D09108","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD017069","article-title":"Assessment of evolving TRMM-based multisatellite real-time precipitation estimation methods and their impacts on hydrologic prediction in a high latitude basin","volume":"117","author":"Yong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2009.2034024","article-title":"Soil moisture sensitivity to NRL-blend high resolution precipitation products: Analysis of simulations with two land surface models","volume":"3","author":"Turk","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Selec. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"NASA GSFC FTP Available online: ftp:\/\/trmmopen.gsfc.nasa.gov\/pub\/merged\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W07542","DOI":"10.1029\/2009WR008965","article-title":"Hydrologic evaluation of multisatellite precipitation analysis standard precipitation products in basins beyond its inclined latitude band: A case study in Laohahe basin, China","volume":"46","author":"Yong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The version 2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979\u2013present)","volume":"4","author":"Adler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2003)042<1355:VOTAOR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Validation of TRMM and other rainfall estimates with a high-density gauge dataset for West Africa. Part II: Validation of TRMM rainfall products","volume":"42","author":"Nicholson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-006-0001-x","article-title":"Comparison of TRMM and water district rain rates over New Mexico","volume":"23","author":"Chiu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JHM876.1","article-title":"Thailand daily rainfall and comparison with TRMM products","volume":"9","author":"Chokngamwong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-88-1-47","article-title":"Comparison of near-real-time precipitation estimates from satellite observations and numerical models","volume":"88","author":"Ebert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D24101","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD011949","article-title":"Component analysis of errors in satellite-based precipitation estimates","volume":"114","author":"Tian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JHM925.1","article-title":"Investigating error metrics for satellite rainfall data at hydrologically relevant scales","volume":"9","author":"Hossain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shepard, D. (1968, January 27\u201329). A two-dimensional interpolation function for irregularly-spaced data. Proceedings of the 1968 23rd ACM National Conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/800186.810616"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L24407","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL046008","article-title":"A global map of uncertainties in satellite-based precipitation measurements","volume":"37","author":"Tian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yong, B., Liu, D., Gourley, J.J., Tian, Y., Huffman, G.J., Ren, L.L., and Hong, Y. Global view of real-time TRMM multi-satellite precipitation analysis: Implication to Global precipitation measurement mission. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 2015.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-14-00017.1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4893","DOI":"10.1002\/2013WR014566","article-title":"What does cloudsat reveal about global land precipitation detection by other spaceborne sensors?","volume":"50","author":"Behrangi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-14-0056.1","article-title":"Satellite-based precipitation estimation and its application for streamflow prediction over mountainous western U.S. basins","volume":"5","author":"Behrangi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"NASA GSFC FTP-Dcouments. Available online: ftp:\/\/precip.gsfc.nasa.gov\/pub\/trmmdocs\/3B42_3B43_doc.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4546","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020933","article-title":"Validation of precipitation retrievals over land from satellite-based passive microwave sensors","volume":"119","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/1\/668\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:41:29Z","timestamp":1760215289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/1\/668"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,9]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs70100668"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70100668","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,9]]}}}