{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T05:20:05Z","timestamp":1772601605032,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]],"date-time":"2015-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Successful implementation of projects under the REDD+ mechanism, securing payment for storing forest carbon as an ecosystem service, requires quantification of biomass. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is a relevant technology to enhance estimates of biomass in tropical forests. We present the analysis and results of modeling aboveground biomass (AGB) in a Tanzanian rainforest utilizing data from a small-footprint ALS system and 153 field plots with an area of 0.06\u20130.12 ha located on a systematic grid. The study area is dominated by steep terrain, a heterogeneous forest structure and large variation in AGB densities with values ranging from 43 to 1147 Mg\u00b7ha\u22121, which goes beyond the range that has been reported in existing literature on biomass modeling with ALS data in the tropics. Root mean square errors from a 10-fold cross-validation of estimated values were about 33% of a mean value of 462 Mg\u00b7ha\u22121. Texture variables derived from a canopy surface model did not result in improved models. Analyses showed that (1) variables derived from echoes in the lower parts of the canopy and (2) canopy density variables explained more of the AGB density than variables representing the height of the canopy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70100788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]],"date-time":"2015-01-14T10:33:15Z","timestamp":1421231595000},"page":"788-807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Modeling Aboveground Biomass in Dense Tropical Submontane Rainforest Using Airborne Laser Scanner Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Endre","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5534-049X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terje","family":"Gobakken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"Bollands\u00e5s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliakimu","family":"Zahabu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Mensuration and Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3013, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"N\u00e6sset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, S.L., Sonk\u00e9, B., Sunderland, T., Begne, S.K., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., van der Heijden, G.M.F., Phillips, O.L., Affum-Baffoe, K., Baker, T.R., and Banin, L. (2013). Above-ground biomass and structure of 260 African tropical forests. Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. B Biol. Sci., 368.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0295"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(2005)131:1(85)","article-title":"SEBAL model with remotely sensed data to improve water-resources management under actual field conditions","volume":"131","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810601064884","article-title":"Estimating spatial patterns of rainfall interception from remotely sensed vegetation indices and spectral mixture analysis","volume":"21","author":"Jetten","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.01997.x","article-title":"Implications of future climate and atmospheric CO2 content for regional biogeochemistry, biogeography and ecosystem services across East Africa","volume":"16","author":"Doherty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"ITTO (International Tropical Timber Organization) (2012). Annual Report 2012, ITTO."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2006.01.006","article-title":"WISDOM: A GIS-based supply demand mapping tool for woodfuel management","volume":"30","author":"Masera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"UNFCCC (2011). Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Sixteenth Session, Held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010. Addendum. Part Two: Action Taken by the Conference of the Parties at Its Sixteenth Session, United Nations Office."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"UNFCCC (2010). Outcome of the Work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Cooperative Action under the Convention\u2014C. Policy Approaches and Positive Incentives on Issues Relating to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries and the Role of Conservation, Sustainable Management of Forests and Enhancement of Forest Carbon Stocks in Developing Countries, United Nations Office."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"UNFCCC (2010). Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Fifteenth Session, Held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009. Addendum. Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at Its Fifteenth Session, United Nations Office."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"UNFCCC (2006). Good Practice Guidance and Adjustments Under Article 5, Paragraph 2, of the Kyoto Protocol, United Nations Office. FCCC\/KP\/CMP\/2005\/8\/Add.3 Decision 20\/CMP.1."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grassi, G., Monni, S., Federici, S., Achard, F., and Mollicone, D. (2008). Applying the conservativeness principle to REDD to deal with the uncertainties of the estimates. Environ. Res. Lett., 3.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/3\/3\/035005"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbs, H.K., Brown, S., Niles, J.O., and Foley, J.A. (2007). Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks: making REDD a reality. Environ. Res. Lett., 2.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/2\/4\/045023"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco, J. (2011). Climate Change\u2014Research and Technology for Adaptation and Mitigation, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/1862"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"GOFC-GOLD (2012). GOFC-GOLD Report Version COP18\u20131, GOFC-GOLD Land Cover Project Office, Wageningen University."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.07.028","article-title":"Importance of sample size, data type and prediction method for remote sensing-based estimations of aboveground forest biomass","volume":"154","author":"Fassnacht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.017","article-title":"A meta-analysis of terrestrial aboveground biomass estimation using lidar remote sensing","volume":"128","author":"Zolkos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2010.09.001","article-title":"Status and future of laser scanning, synthetic aperture radar and hyperspectral remote sensing data for forest biomass assessment","volume":"65","author":"Koch","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/02827581.2010.496739","article-title":"Advances and emerging issues in national forest inventories","volume":"25","author":"McRoberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Forest Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.08.029","article-title":"Estimation of tropical rain forest aboveground biomass with small-footprint lidar and hyperspectral sensors","volume":"115","author":"Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"2445","article-title":"High-resolution mapping of forest carbon stocks in the Colombian Amazon","volume":"9","author":"Asner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biogeosciences Discuss."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-8-1615-2011","article-title":"Controls over aboveground forest carbon density on Barro Colorado Island, Panama","volume":"8","author":"Mascaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biogeosciences."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.06.019","article-title":"Accuracy of small footprint airborne LiDAR in its predictions of tropical moist forest stand structure","volume":"125","author":"Vincent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16738","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1004875107","article-title":"High-resolution forest carbon stocks and emissions in the Amazon","volume":"107","author":"Asner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2011.09.005","article-title":"Use of ALS, Airborne CIR and ALOS AVNIR-2 data for estimating tropical forest attributes in Lao PDR","volume":"66","author":"Hou","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asner, G.P., Clark, J., Mascaro, J., Vaudry, R., Chadwick, K.D., Vieilledent, G., Rasamoelina, M., Balaji, A., Kennedy-Bowdoin, T., and Maatoug, L. (2012). Human and environmental controls over aboveground carbon storage in Madagascar. Carbon Balance Manag., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-0680-7-2"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00290-5","article-title":"Predicting forest stand characteristics with airborne scanning laser using a practical two-stage procedure and field data","volume":"80","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.03.004","article-title":"Estimation of above- and below-ground biomass across regions of the boreal forest zone using airborne laser","volume":"112","author":"Gobakken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1139\/X09-042","article-title":"Growing stock estimation for alpine forests in Austria: A robust lidar-based approach","volume":"39","author":"Hollaus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1466-822x.2002.00303.x","article-title":"Lidar remote sensing of above-ground biomass in three biomes","volume":"11","author":"Lefsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-011-2165-z","article-title":"A universal airborne LiDAR approach for tropical forest carbon mapping","volume":"168","author":"Asner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"506","article-title":"Positive relationship between aboveground carbon stocks and structural diversity in spruce-dominated forest stands in New Brunswick, Canada","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-013-0374-5","article-title":"Vegetation structural characteristics and topographic factors in the remnant moist Afromontane forest of Wondo Genet, south central Ethiopia","volume":"24","author":"Kebede","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1890\/13-1574.1","article-title":"Aboveground biomass mapping of African forest mosaics using canopy texture analysis: Toward a regional approach","volume":"24","author":"Bastin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1080\/02827581.2012.686625","article-title":"Forest variable estimation using photogrammetric matching of digital aerial images in combination with a high-resolution DEM","volume":"27","author":"Bohlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1080\/02827580410019490","article-title":"Estimation of above ground forest biomass from airborne discrete return laser scanner data using canopy-based quantile estimators","volume":"19","author":"Lim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/wjaf\/23.4.223","article-title":"A comparison of statistical methods for estimating forest biomass from light detection and ranging data","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"West. J. Appl. For."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.06.003","article-title":"Regional aboveground forest biomass using airborne and spaceborne LiDAR in Quebec","volume":"112","author":"Boudreau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.05.014","article-title":"Estimating forest biomass and identifying low-intensity logging areas using airborne scanning lidar in Antimary State Forest, Acre State, Western Brazilian Amazon","volume":"124","author":"Reutebuch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-8-1081-2011","article-title":"Height-diameter allometry of tropical forest trees","volume":"8","author":"Feldpausch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/35002501","article-title":"Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities","volume":"403","author":"Myers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.08.015","article-title":"The biological importance of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya","volume":"134","author":"Burgess","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-008-9345-0","article-title":"Assessing the risks of plant invasions arising from collections in tropical botanical gardens","volume":"17","author":"Dawson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newmark, W.D. (2002). Conserving Biodiversity in East African Forests: A Study of the Eastern Arc Mountains, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04872-6"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Hamilton, A.C., and Bensted-Smith, R. (1989). Forest conservation in the East. Usambara Mountains, Tanzania, Forest Division, Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources, and Tourism, United Republic of Tanzania. IUCN-The World Conservation Union."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Frontier Tanzania (2001). Amani Nature Reserve: A biodiversity survey, Forestry and Beekeeping Division and Mets\u00e4hallitus Consulting."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/14728028.2011.9756710","article-title":"Impact of forestland tenure changes on forest cover, stocking and tree species diversity in Amani Nature Reserve, Tanzania","volume":"20","author":"Mpanda","year":"2011","journal-title":"For. Trees Livelihoods"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Mgumia, F. (2014). Implications of Forestland Tenure Reforms on Forest Conditions, Forest Govenance, and Community Livelihoods at Amani Nature Reserve. [Ph.D. Thesis, Sokoine University of Agriculture]."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2012.03.017","article-title":"Measuring and modelling above-ground carbon and tree allometry along a tropical elevation gradient","volume":"154","author":"Marshall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2010.07.040","article-title":"Wood density, phytomass variations within and among trees, and allometric equations in a tropical rainforest of Africa","volume":"260","author":"Henry","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Mehtatalo, L. Forest Biometrics Functions of Lauri Mehtatalo, R Package Version 1.1. Available online:http:\/\/cs.uef.fi\/~lamehtat\/rcodes."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"R Development Core Team (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Prodan, M. (1968). Forest Biometrics, Pergamon Press."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D., and R Development Core Team nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R Package Version 3.1\u2013115. Available online:http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/src\/contrib\/Archive\/nlme."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"907","article-title":"A height prediction model with random stand and tree parameters\u2014An alternative to traditional site index methods","volume":"34","author":"Lappi","year":"1988","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Masota, A.M., Zahabu, E., Malimbwi, R., Bollands\u00e5s, O.M., and Eid, T. (2015). Tree allometric models for above- and belowground biomass of tropical rainforests in Tanzania. Southern For. A J. For. Sci., submitted."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Kouba, J. (2009). A Guide to Using International Gnss Service (Igs) Products, IGS Central Bureau, Jet Propulsion Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Anon (1999). Pinnacle User\u2019s Manual, Javad Positioning Systems."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Effects of differential single- and dual-frequency GPS and GLONASS observations on point accuracy under forest canopies","volume":"67","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"110","article-title":"DEM generation from laser scanner data using adaptive TIN models","volume":"33","author":"Axelsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Anon (2012). Terrascan User\u2019s Guide, Terrasolid Oy."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Anon (2008). LAS specification, Version 1.2, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS)."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00224-3","article-title":"Estimation of tree heights and stand volume using an airborne lidar system","volume":"56","author":"Nilsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1973.4309314","article-title":"Textural features for image classification","volume":"3","author":"Haralick","year":"1973","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Zvoleff, A. Calculate Textures from Grey-Level Co-Occurrence Matrices (Glcms) In R, R Package Version 0.3.1. Available online:http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/src\/contrib\/Archive\/glmc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.2307\/1909517","article-title":"Interpretation and estimation of Cobb-Douglas functions","volume":"36","author":"Goldberger","year":"1968","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"597","article-title":"Regression estimation following the square-root transformation of the response","volume":"54","author":"Gregoire","year":"2008","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Lumley, T., and Miller, A. Leaps: Regression Subset Selection, R Package Version 2.9. Available online:http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/src\/contrib\/Archive\/leaps."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Tomppo, E., Katila, M., M\u00e4kisara, K., Per\u00e4saari, J., Malimbwi, R., Chamuya, N., Otieno, J., Dalsgaard, S., and Lepp\u00e4nen, M. A Report to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in Support of Sampling Study for National Forestry Resources Monitoring and Assessment (NAFORMA) in Tanzania. Available online:http:\/\/www.mp-discussion.org\/NAFORMA.pdf."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomppo, E., Gschwantner, T., Lawrence, M., and McRoberts, R.E. (2010). National Forest Inventories: Pathways for Common Reporting, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-3233-1"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2009.01044.x","article-title":"Long-term variation in Amazon forest dynamics","volume":"20","author":"Laurance","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00091-1","article-title":"Use of large-footprint scanning airborne lidar to estimate forest stand characteristics in the Western Cascades of Oregon","volume":"67","author":"Means","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1139\/X09-025","article-title":"Assessing effects of positioning errors and sample plot size on biophysical stand properties derived from airborne laser scanner data","volume":"39","author":"Gobakken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.07.019","article-title":"Evaluating uncertainty in mapping forest carbon with airborne LiDAR","volume":"115","author":"Mascaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"269","article-title":"Using Airborne Laser Scanning data to support forest sample surveys","volume":"Volumn 27","author":"Maltamo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forestry Applications of Airborne Laser Scanning"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2989\/20702620.2013.824672","article-title":"Relationships between diameter and height of trees in natural tropical forest in Tanzania","volume":"75","author":"Mugasha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Southern For A J. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.5424\/sjar\/2010084-1242","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of GPS receivers under forest canopies in a mountainous environment","volume":"8","author":"Valbuena","year":"2010","journal-title":"Span. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.3390\/f5081910","article-title":"Correlating the horizontal and vertical distribution of lidar point clouds with components of biomass in a picea crassifolia forest","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pippuri, I., Kallio, E., Maltamo, M., Peltola, H., and Packalen, P. (2012). Exploring horizontal area-based metrics to discriminate the spatial pattern of trees and need for first thinning using airborne laser scanning. Forestry, 85.","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cps005"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2011.01884.x","article-title":"Tree architecture and life-history strategies across 200 co-occurring tropical tree species","volume":"25","author":"Iida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2006)87[1289:AOMTST]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Architecture of 54 moist-forest tree species: Traits, trade-offs, and functional groups","volume":"87","author":"Poorter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.09.032","article-title":"Remotely sensed measurements of forest structure and fuel loads in the Pinelands of New Jersey","volume":"108","author":"Skowronski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/1\/788\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:41:38Z","timestamp":1760215298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/1\/788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs70100788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70100788","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]]}}}