{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:50:27Z","timestamp":1790607027658,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,19]],"date-time":"2015-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31400493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31400493"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"US National Aeronautics and Space Administration","award":["NNX09AC39G,NNX11AJ35G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX09AC39G,NNX11AJ35G"]}]},{"name":"US National Science Foundation","award":["NSF-IIA-1301789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF-IIA-1301789"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and updated finer resolution maps of rubber plantations and stand ages are needed to understand and assess the impacts of rubber plantations on regional ecosystem processes. This study presented a simple method for mapping rubber plantation areas and their stand ages by integration of PALSAR 50-m mosaic images and multi-temporal Landsat TM\/ETM+ images. The L-band PALSAR 50-m mosaic images were used to map forests (including both natural forests and rubber trees) and non-forests. For those PALSAR-based forest pixels, we analyzed the multi-temporal Landsat TM\/ETM+ images from 2000 to 2009. We first studied phenological signatures of deciduous rubber plantations (defoliation and foliation) and natural forests through analysis of surface reflectance, Normal Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) and generated a map of rubber plantations in 2009. We then analyzed phenological signatures of rubber plantations with different stand ages and generated a map, in 2009, of rubber plantation stand ages (\u22645, 6\u201310, &gt;10 years-old) based on multi-temporal Landsat images. The resultant maps clearly illustrated how rubber plantations have expanded into the mountains in the study area over the years. The results in this study demonstrate the potential of integrating microwave (e.g., PALSAR) and optical remote sensing in the characterization of rubber plantations and their expansion over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70101048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,19]],"date-time":"2015-01-19T10:53:54Z","timestamp":1421664834000},"page":"1048-1073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Mapping Deciduous Rubber Plantation Areas and Stand Ages with PALSAR and Landsat Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Weili","family":"Kou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Information, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology,  Kunming 650093, China"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0956-7428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangming","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5687-803X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinwei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology,  Kunming 650093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deli","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies (CMES), Kunming Institute of Botany (CAS), Lanhei Road132,Heilongtan, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Central and East Asia Office, Lanhei Road132, Heilongtan, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanwei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information & Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010. 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