{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T22:18:46Z","timestamp":1775081926970,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,2]],"date-time":"2015-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["273806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["273806"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["272195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["272195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry","award":["350\/311\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["350\/311\/2012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photogrammetric aerial film image archives are scanned into digital form in many countries. These data sets offer an interesting source of information for scientists from different disciplines. The objective of this investigation was to contribute to the automation of a generation of 3D environmental model time series when using small-scale airborne image archives, especially in forested scenes. Furthermore, we investigated the usability of dense digital surface models (DSMs) generated using these data sets as well as the uncertainty propagation of the DSMs. A key element in the automation is georeferencing. It is obvious that for images captured years apart, it is essential to find ground reference locations that have changed as little as possible. We studied a 68-year-long aerial image time series in a Finnish Karelian forestland. The quality of candidate ground locations was evaluated by comparing digital DSMs created from the images to an airborne laser scanning (ALS)-originated reference DSM. The quality statistics of DSMs were consistent with the expectations; the estimated median root mean squared error for height varied between  0.3 and 2 m, indicating a photogrammetric modelling error of 0.1\u2030 with respect to flying height for data sets collected since the 1980s, and 0.2\u2030 for older data sets. The results show that of the studied land cover classes, \u201cpeatland without trees\u201d changed the least over time and is one of the most promising candidates to serve as a location for automatic  ground control measurement. Our results also highlight some potential challenges  in the process as well as possible solutions. Our results indicate that using modern photogrammetric techniques, it is possible to reconstruct 3D environmental model time series using photogrammetric image archives in a highly automated way.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70201565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,2]],"date-time":"2015-02-02T10:27:36Z","timestamp":1422872856000},"page":"1565-1593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Automation Aspects for the Georeferencing of Photogrammetric Aerial Image Archives in Forested Scenes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Kimmo","family":"Nurminen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, National Land Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 84,  FI-00521 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Litkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, National Land Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 84,  FI-00521 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7236-2145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eija","family":"Honkavaara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, National Land Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 84,  FI-00521 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6552-9122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikko","family":"Vastaranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, National Land Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 84, FI-00521 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Holopainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, National Land Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 84, FI-00521 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"P\u00e4ivi","family":"Lyytik\u00e4inen-Saarenmaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Tuula","family":"Kantola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Minna","family":"Lyytik\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Metrically preserving the USGS aerial film archive","volume":"79","author":"Moe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"UK National Collection of Aerial Photography. 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