{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:23:17Z","timestamp":1760242997717,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]],"date-time":"2015-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although remote sensing technology has been widely used to monitor inland water bodies; the lack of suitable data with high spatial and spectral resolution has  severely obstructed its practical development. The objective of this study is to improve the unmixing-based fusion (UBF) method to produce fused images that maintain both spectral and spatial information from the original images. Images from Environmental Satellite 1 (HJ1) and Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) were used in this study to validate the method. An improved UBF (IUBF) algorithm is established by selecting a proper HJ1-CCD image band for each MERIS band and thereafter applying an unsupervised classification method in each sliding window. Viewing in the visual sense\u2014the radiance and the spectrum\u2014the results show that the improved method effectively yields images with the spatial resolution of the HJ1-CCD image and the spectrum resolution of the MERIS image. When validated using two datasets; the ERGAS index (Relative Dimensionless Global Error) indicates that IUBF is more robust than UBF. Finally, the fused data were applied to evaluate the chlorophyll a concentrations (Cchla) in Taihu Lake. The result shows that the Cchla map obtained by IUBF fusion captures more detailed information than that of MERIS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70201640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]],"date-time":"2015-02-05T10:54:42Z","timestamp":1423133682000},"page":"1640-1666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["An Improved Unmixing-Based Fusion Method: Potential Application to Remote Monitoring of Inland Waters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Yulong","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunmei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Environment Application Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection,  Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenggong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Xiao, J., and Guo, Z. (2010, January 28\u201331). Detection of chlorophyll-a in urban water body by remote sensing. Proceedings of the 2010 Second IITA International Conference on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IITA-GRS), Qingdao, China."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"171","article-title":"Model-based remote sensing on the concentration of suspended sediments in Taihu Lake","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oceanol. Limnol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2163199","article-title":"Estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration using NIR\/red bands of MERIS and classification procedure in inland turbid water","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-007-0043-2","article-title":"A bio-optical model based method of estimating total suspended matter of Lake Taihu from near-infrared remote sensing reflectance","volume":"145","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27967","DOI":"10.1029\/98JC01946","article-title":"An empirical algorithm for light absorption by ocean water based on color","volume":"103","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5755","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.41.005755","article-title":"Deriving inherent optical properties from water color: A multiband quasi-analytical algorithm for optically deep waters","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.09.008","article-title":"Influence of phytoplankton pigment composition on remote sensing of cyanobacterial biomass","volume":"106","author":"Simis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"114","article-title":"Remotely assessment of ocean color for interpretation of satellite visible imagery: A review","volume":"4","author":"Gordon","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Coast. Estuar. Stud."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10749","DOI":"10.1029\/JC093iC09p10749","article-title":"Optical modeling of the upper ocean in relatio to its biogeneous matter content (Case I waters)","volume":"93","author":"Morel","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.04.015","article-title":"A simple semi-analytical model for remote estimation of chlorophyll-a in turbid waters: Validation","volume":"112","author":"Gitelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.02.005","article-title":"A four-band semi-analytical model for estimating chlorophyll a in highly turbid lakes: The case of Taihu Lake, china","volume":"113","author":"Le","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.11.013","article-title":"Review of constituent retrieval in optically deep and complex waters from satellite imagery","volume":"118","author":"Odermatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1109\/36.103296","article-title":"Quantitative modeling of inland water quality for high-resolution MSS systems","volume":"29","author":"Dekker","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00683-5","article-title":"Mapping of the water quality of lake erken, sweden, from imaging spectrometry and Landsat Thematic Mapper","volume":"268","author":"Flink","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.07.012","article-title":"Using MODIS Terra 250 m imagery to map concentrations of total suspended matter in coastal waters","volume":"93","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.18307\/2008.0201","article-title":"Several key problems of lake water quality remote sensing","volume":"20","author":"Pan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lake Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2008.01.004","article-title":"Monitoring water quality in the coastal area of Tripoli (Lebanon) using high-resolution satellite data","volume":"63","author":"Kabbara","year":"2008","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogram. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.028","article-title":"An assessment of chlorophyll-a algorithms available for seawifs in coastal and open areas of the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea","volume":"115","author":"Tilstone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2010.12.001","article-title":"Multi-sensor satellite time series of optical properties and chlorophyll-a concentration in the Adriatic Sea","volume":"91","author":"Vantrepotte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Progr. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160310001592445","article-title":"On the potential of MODIS and MERIS for imaging chlorophyll fluorescence from space","volume":"25","author":"Gower","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.5589\/m08-032","article-title":"Spectrum matching method for estimating the chlorophyll-a concentration, CDOM ratio, and backscatter fraction from remote sensing of ocean color","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.11.058","article-title":"Remote chlorophyll-a estimates for inland waters based on a cluster-based classification","volume":"444","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4635","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.485216","article-title":"Medium resolution imaging spectrometer (MERIS) estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration in the turbid sediment-laden waters of the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary","volume":"31","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20844","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.020844","article-title":"Impact of sub-pixel variations on ocean color remote sensing products","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Expr."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"657","article-title":"Understanding image fusion","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photogram. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(01)00036-7","article-title":"A new look at HIS-like image fusion methods","volume":"2","author":"Tu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.08.014","article-title":"Consistent merging of satellite ocean color data sets using a bio-optical model","volume":"94","author":"Maritorena","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.46.003856","article-title":"Optically based technique for producing merged spectra of water-leaving radiances from ocean color remote sensing","volume":"46","author":"Zibordi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.04.002","article-title":"Merged satellite ocean color data products using a bio-optical model: Characteristics, benefits and issues","volume":"114","author":"Maritorena","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.02.024","article-title":"A semi-analytical approach for detecting suspended particulate composition in complex turbid inland waters (China)","volume":"134","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1021\/es8031852","article-title":"Two-decade reconstruction of algal blooms in China\u2019s Lake Taihu","volume":"43","author":"Duan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"577","article-title":"Annual dynamics of phytoplankton community in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu, 2008","volume":"22","author":"Meng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. J. Lake Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14010104","article-title":"Environment Satellite 1 and its application in environmental monitoring","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"European Space Agency (ESA) MERIS Product Handbook. Available online:http:\/\/envisat.esa.int\/handbooks\/meris\/."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600815525","article-title":"A method for the atmospheric correction of ENVISAT\/MERIS data over land targets","volume":"28","author":"Guanter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1109\/36.763276","article-title":"Unmixing-based multisensor multiresolution image fusion","volume":"37","author":"Zhukov","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Stathaki, T. (2011). Image Fusion: Algorithms and Applications, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2008.919685","article-title":"Unmixing-based Landsat TM and MERIS FR data fusion","volume":"5","author":"Clevers","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.04.011","article-title":"Downscaling time series of meris full resolution data to monitor vegetation seasonal dynamics","volume":"113","author":"Kaiser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2120591","article-title":"Regularized multiresolution spatial unmixing for ENVISAT\/MERIS and Landsat\/TM image fusion","volume":"8","author":"Alonso","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903505286","article-title":"Using MERIS fused images for land-cover mapping and vegetation status assessment in heterogeneous landscapes","volume":"32","author":"Clevers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minghelli-Roman, A., Polidori, L., Mathieu-Blanc, S., Loubersac, L., and Cauneau, F. (2007, January 23\u201327). Fusion of MERIS and ETM Images for coastal water monitoring. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS\u201907), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2007.4422795"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(88)90019-3","article-title":"An improved dark-object subtraction technique for atmospheric scattering correction of multispectral data","volume":"24","author":"Chavez","year":"1988","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"132","article-title":"Multitemporal fusion of Landsat\/TM and ENVISAT\/MERIS for crop monitoring","volume":"23","author":"Alonso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"169","article-title":"Inversing chlorophyll concentration of Taihu Lake by analytic model","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Arif, F., and Akbar, M. (2005, January 10\u201312). Resampling air borne sensed data using bilinear interpolation algorithm. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics (ICM\u201905), Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(03)00013-3","article-title":"Image fusion\u2014The arsis concept and some successful implementation schemes","volume":"58","author":"Ranchin","year":"2003","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogram. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.08.026","article-title":"A novel MERIS algorithm to derive cyanobacterial phycocyanin pigment concentrations in a eutrophic lake: Theoretical basis and practical considerations","volume":"154","author":"Qi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.882258","article-title":"Ocean color satellites show extensive lines of floating sargassum in the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"44","author":"Gower","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.44.000412","article-title":"Effect of bio-optical parameter variability on the remote estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration in turbid productive waters: Experimental results","volume":"44","author":"Gitelson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.45.003577","article-title":"Effect of bio-optical parameter variability and uncertainties in reflectance measurements on the remote estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration in turbid productive waters: Modeling results","volume":"45","author":"Gitelson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.016","article-title":"Normalized difference chlorophyll index: A novel model for remote estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration in turbid productive waters","volume":"117","author":"Mishra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-010-0528-9","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variability of chlorophyll a concentration in Lake Taihu using MODIS time-series data","volume":"661","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/2\/1640\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:42:23Z","timestamp":1760215343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/2\/1640"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs70201640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70201640","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]]}}}