{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T08:18:48Z","timestamp":1780388328400,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]],"date-time":"2015-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite and airborne optical sensors are increasingly used by scientists, and policy makers, and managers for studying and managing forests, agriculture crops, and urban areas. Their data acquired with given instrumental specifications (spectral resolution, viewing direction, sensor field-of-view, etc.) and for a specific experimental configuration (surface and atmosphere conditions, sun direction, etc.) are commonly translated into qualitative and quantitative Earth surface parameters. However, atmosphere properties and Earth surface 3D architecture often confound their interpretation. Radiative transfer models capable of simulating the Earth and atmosphere complexity are, therefore, ideal tools for linking remotely sensed data to the surface parameters. Still, many existing models are oversimplifying the Earth-atmosphere system interactions and their parameterization of sensor specifications is often neglected or poorly considered. The Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model is one of the most comprehensive physically based 3D models simulating the Earth-atmosphere radiation interaction from visible to thermal infrared wavelengths. It has been developed since 1992. It models optical signals at the entrance of imaging radiometers and laser scanners on board of satellites and airplanes, as well as the 3D radiative budget, of urban and natural landscapes for any experimental configuration and instrumental specification. It is freely distributed for research and teaching activities. This paper presents DART physical bases and its latest functionality for simulating imaging spectroscopy of natural and urban landscapes with atmosphere, including the perspective projection of airborne acquisitions and LIght Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) waveform and photon counting signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70201667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]],"date-time":"2015-02-05T10:54:42Z","timestamp":1423133682000},"page":"1667-1701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":307,"title":["Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART 5) for Modeling Airborne and Satellite Spectroradiometer and LIDAR Acquisitions of Natural and Urban Landscapes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Gastellu-Etchegorry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsph\u00e8re (CESBIO) - UPS, CNES, CNRS, IRD, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, 31401 Toulouse cedex 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiangang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsph\u00e8re (CESBIO) - UPS, CNES, CNRS, IRD, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, 31401 Toulouse cedex 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Lauret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsph\u00e8re (CESBIO) - UPS, CNES, CNRS, IRD, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, 31401 Toulouse cedex 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Cajgfinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsph\u00e8re (CESBIO) - UPS, CNES, CNRS, IRD, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, 31401 Toulouse cedex 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Gregoire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsph\u00e8re (CESBIO) - UPS, CNES, CNRS, IRD, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, 31401 Toulouse cedex 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eloi","family":"Grau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsph\u00e8re (CESBIO) - UPS, CNES, CNRS, IRD, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, 31401 Toulouse cedex 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0151-1334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Feret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsph\u00e8re (CESBIO) - UPS, CNES, CNRS, IRD, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, 31401 Toulouse cedex 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u00eflys","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsph\u00e8re (CESBIO) - UPS, CNES, CNRS, IRD, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, 31401 Toulouse cedex 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Guilleux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsph\u00e8re (CESBIO) - UPS, CNES, CNRS, IRD, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, 31401 Toulouse cedex 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8383-6465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e9rard","family":"Dedieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsph\u00e8re (CESBIO) - UPS, CNES, CNRS, IRD, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, 31401 Toulouse cedex 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1271-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbyn\u011bk","family":"Malenovsk\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Conservation Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia"},{"name":"School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Durrieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TETIS - Irstea, Cirad, AgroParisTech\/ENGREF, 34196 Montpellier Cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Cazanave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magellium, 31520 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magellium, 31520 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Ristorcelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magellium, 31520 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rouse, J., Haas, R., Schell, J., and Deering, D. (1974). Monitoring Vegetation Systems in the Great Plains with ERTS, NASA. Technical Presentations; NASA SP-351."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20455","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD01411","article-title":"A bidirectional reflectance model of the Earth\u2019s surface for the correction of remote sensing data","volume":"97","author":"Roujean","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21077","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02371","article-title":"On the derivation of kernels for kernel\u2010driven models of bidirectional reflectance","volume":"100","author":"Wanner","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2048745","article-title":"The angular and spectral kernel model for BRDF and albedo retrieval","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2271502","article-title":"The angular and spectral kernel-driven model: Assessment and application","volume":"7","author":"You","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20791","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD02072","article-title":"Coupled surface\u2010atmosphere reflectance (CSAR) model: 2. Semiempirical surface model usable with NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer data","volume":"98","author":"Rahman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17015","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD02444","article-title":"Determination of aerosol optical depth and land surface directional reflectances using multiangle imagery","volume":"102","author":"Martonchik","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Engelsen, O., Pinty, B., Verstraete, M., and Martonchik, J. (1996). Parametric Bidirectional Reflectance Factor Models: Evaluation, Improvements and Applications, EC Joint Research Centre. Technical Report No. EUR 16426 EN."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.807756","article-title":"Structural change detection in a disturbed conifer forest using a geometric optical reflectance model in multiple-forward mode","volume":"41","author":"Peddle","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1109\/36.134078","article-title":"Geometric-optical bidirectional reflectance modeling of the discrete crown vegetation canopy: Effect of crown shape and mutual shadowing","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1109\/36.628798","article-title":"A four-scale bidirectional reflectance model based on canopy architecture","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1109\/36.921424","article-title":"Multiple-scattering scheme useful for geometric optical modeling","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/02757250009532423","article-title":"A windows graphic user interface (GUI) for the five\u2010scale model for fast BRDF simulations","volume":"19","author":"Leblanc","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00007-8","article-title":"LIBERTY\u2014Modeling the effects of leaf biochemical concentration on reflectance spectra","volume":"65","author":"Dawson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1029\/JB086iB04p03039","article-title":"Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy: 1. Theory","volume":"86","author":"Hapke","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.02.012","article-title":"PROSPECT-4 and 5: Advances in the leaf optical properties model separating photosynthetic pigments","volume":"112","author":"Feret","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(84)90057-9","article-title":"Light scattering by leaf layers with application to canopy reflectance modeling: The SAIL model","volume":"16","author":"Verhoef","year":"1984","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Berk, A. MODTRAN Band Model Transmittance. Available online: www.spectral.com\/pdf\/MODTRAN4_Multiple_Scattering.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1109\/36.581987","article-title":"Second simulation of the satellite signal in the solar spectrum, 6S: An overview","volume":"35","author":"Vermote","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00253-7","article-title":"Modeling radiative transfer in heterogeneous 3D vegetation canopies","volume":"58","author":"Demarez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.03.030","article-title":"A new approach of direction discretization and oversampling for 3D anisotropic radiative transfer modeling","volume":"135","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90028-5","article-title":"The radiosity method in optical remote sensing of structured 3-D surfaces","volume":"36","author":"Borel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-009-9049-8","article-title":"A polarized radiative transfer model based on successive order of scattering","volume":"27","author":"Min","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/02757250009532389","article-title":"Monte Carlo ray tracing in optical canopy reflectance modelling","volume":"18","author":"Disney","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1051\/agro:19990302","article-title":"Three-dimensional plant modelling for remote sensing simulation studies using the Botanical Plant Modelling System","volume":"19","author":"Lewis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Agronomie"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1109\/36.508411","article-title":"Three-dimensional forest light interaction model using a Monte Carlo method","volume":"34","author":"North","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1109\/36.662732","article-title":"Raytran: A Monte Carlo ray-tracing model to compute light scattering in three-dimensional heterogeneous media","volume":"36","author":"Govaerts","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4119","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.21.004119","article-title":"Radiative transfer model for heterogeneous 3-D scenes","volume":"21","author":"Kimes","year":"1982","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90071-Q","article-title":"A three-dimensional radiative transfer method for optical remote sensing of vegetated land surfaces","volume":"41","author":"Myneni","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000115166","article-title":"DART: A 3D model for simulating satellite images and studying surface radiation budget","volume":"25","author":"Martin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-008-0344-1","article-title":"3D modeling of satellite spectral images, radiation budget and energy budget of urban landscapes","volume":"102","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00120-5","article-title":"Modeling BRF and radiation regime of boreal and tropical forests: I. BRF","volume":"68","author":"Guillevic","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/02757259809532351","article-title":"Two models for rapidly calculating bidirectional reflectance: Photon spread (PS) model and statistical photon spread (SPS) model","volume":"16","author":"Thompson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11937","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900493","article-title":"Radiation transfer model intercomparison (RAMI) exercise","volume":"106","author":"Pinty","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinty, B., Widlowski, J.L., Taberner, M., Gobron, N., Verstraete, M., Disney, M., Gascon, F., Gastellu, J.P., Jiang, L., and Kuusk, A. (2004). Radiation Transfer Model Intercomparison (RAMI) exercise: Results from the second phase. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 109.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004252"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widlowski, J.L., Taberner, M., Pinty, B., Bruniquel\u2010Pinel, V., Disney, M., Fernandes, R., Gastellu\u2010Etchegorry, J.P., Gobron, N., Kuusk, A., and Lavergne, T. (2007). Third Radiation Transfer Model Intercomparison (RAMI) exercise: Documenting progress in canopy reflectance models. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007821"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.07.016","article-title":"The RAMI On-line Model Checker (ROMC): A web-based benchmarking facility for canopy reflectance models","volume":"112","author":"Widlowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6869","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50497","article-title":"The fourth radiation transfer model intercomparison (RAMI\u2010IV): Proficiency testing of canopy reflectance models with ISO\u201013528","volume":"118","author":"Widlowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5601","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160412331291305","article-title":"Retrieval of forest biophysical variables by inverting a 3-D radiative transfer model and using high and very high resolution imagery","volume":"25","author":"Gascon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5062639","article-title":"Investigating the utility of wavelet transforms for inverting a 3-D radiative transfer model using hyperspectral data to retrieve forest LAI","volume":"5","author":"Banskota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durrieu, S., Cherchali, S., Costeraste, J., Mondin, L., Debise, H., Chazette, P., Dauzat, J., Gastellu-Etchegorry, J.-P., Baghdadi, N., and P\u00e9lissier, R. (2013, January 21\u201326). Preliminary Studies for a Vegetation Ladar\/Lidar Space Mission in France. Proceedings of 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2013.6723793"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00009-1","article-title":"Sensitivity of texture of high resolution images of forest to biophysical and acquisition parameters","volume":"65","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00120-5","article-title":"Modeling BRF and radiation regime of boreal and tropical forest: II. PAR regime","volume":"68","author":"Guillevic","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.028","article-title":"Influence of woody elements of a Norway spruce canopy on nadir reflectance simulated by the DART model at very high spatial resolution","volume":"112","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.12.015","article-title":"Retrieval of spruce leaf chlorophyll content from airborne image data using continuum removal and radiative transfer","volume":"131","author":"Kaplan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2009.00493.x","article-title":"The variation of apparent crown size and canopy heterogeneity across lowland Amazonian forests","volume":"19","author":"Barbier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-011-0116-9","article-title":"Linking canopy images to forest structural parameters: Potential of a modeling framework","volume":"69","author":"Barbier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Forest Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Proisy, C., Barbier, N., Gu\u00e9roult, M., P\u00e9lissier, R., Gastellu-Etchegorry, J.-P., Grau, E., and Couteron, P. Biomass Prediction in Tropical Forests: The Canopy Grain Approach. Available online: http:\/\/hal.ird.fr\/ird-00658600\/document."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1109\/36.951083","article-title":"Radiative transfer model for simulating high-resolution satellite images","volume":"39","author":"Gascon","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.019","article-title":"Radiative transfer modeling in the Earth-Atmosphere system with DART model","volume":"139","author":"Grau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(89)90015-1","article-title":"A reflectance model for the homogeneous plant canopy and its inversion","volume":"27","author":"Nilson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Etude des Couverts Forestiers par Inversion de Formes d\u2019onde LIDAR \u00e0 L\u2019aide du Mod\u00e8le de Transfert Radiatif DART D\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par le CESBIO. Available online: http:\/\/eprints2.insa-strasbourg.fr\/645\/."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, T., Gastellu-Etchegorry, J.-P., Grau, E., Lauret, N., and Rubio, J. (2013, January 21\u201326). Simulating satellite waveform Lidar with DART model. Proceedings of Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2013 IEEE International, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2013.6723464"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gastellu-Etchegorry, J.-P., Yin, T., Grau, E., Lauret, N., and Rubio, J. (2013, January 21\u201326). Lidar radiative transfer modeling in the Atmosphere. Proceedings of Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2013 IEEE International, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2013.6723849"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2013.01.019","article-title":"Sorted Pulse Data (SPD) Library. Part I: A generic file format for LiDAR data from pulsed laser systems in terrestrial environments","volume":"56","author":"Bunting","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2013.01.010","article-title":"Sorted pulse data (SPD) library\u2014Part II: A processing framework for LiDAR data from pulsed laser systems in terrestrial environments","volume":"56","author":"Bunting","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Martin, E. Dart: Mod\u00e8le 3D Multispectral et Inversion D\u2019images Optique De Satellite\u2014Application Aux Couverts Forestiers. Available online: https:\/\/tel.archives-ouvertes.fr\/tel-00139368\/document."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Grau, E. Mod\u00e9lisation DART du transfert Radiatif Terre-Atmosph\u00e8re pour Simuler les Bilans Radiatif, Images de T\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection et Mesures LIDAR des Paysages Terrestres. Available online: https:\/\/tel.archives-ouvertes.fr\/tel-00841795\/document."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Gastellu-Etchegorry, J.-P., Grau, E., and Lauret, N. DART: A 3D model for remote sensing images and radiative budget of earth surfaces. Available online: https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/ird-00658284\/document."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Hancock, S., Disney, M., and Muller, P.L.J.-P. Exploring the Measurement of Forests with Full Waveform LIDAR through Monte-Carlo Ray Tracing. Available online: http:\/\/isprsserv.ifp.uni-stuttgart.de\/proceedings\/XXXVII\/congress\/1_pdf\/38.pdf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903380664","article-title":"A Monte Carlo radiative transfer model of satellite waveform LiDAR","volume":"31","author":"North","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schutz, B., Zwally, H., Shuman, C., Hancock, D., and DiMarzio, J. (2005). Overview of the ICESat mission. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024009"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2010.12.008","article-title":"An architectural model of trees to estimate forest structural attributes using terrestrial LiDAR","volume":"26","author":"Fournier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Modell. Softw."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdalati, W., Zwally, H.J., Bindschadler, R., Csatho, B., Farrell, S.L., Fricker, H.A., Harding, D., Kwok, R., Lefsky, M., and Markus, T. The ICESat-2 Laser Altimetry Mission. Available online: http:\/\/icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov\/icesat2\/publications\/pubs_2010\/abdalati_et_al_2010.pdf.","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2009.2034765"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Yin, T., Lauret, N., and Gastellu-Etchegorry, J.-P. (2015). Simulation of multi-angle sensor image of the Earth scene by combining 3D radiative transfer modeling with perspective projection. Remote Sens. Environ., accepted."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13006","article-title":"Amazon forests maintain consistent canopy structure and greenness during the dry season","volume":"506","author":"Morton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asner, G.P., Boardman, J., Field, C.B., Knapp, D.E., Kennedy-Bowdoin, T., Jones, M.O., and Martin, R.E. (2007). Carnegie airborne observatory: In-flight fusion of hyperspectral imaging and waveform light detection and ranging for three-dimensional studies of ecosystems. J. Appl. Remote Sens., 1.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2794018"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.06.012","article-title":"Carnegie Airborne Observatory-2: Increasing science data dimensionality via high-fidelity multi-sensor fusion","volume":"124","author":"Asner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4045","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5084045","article-title":"NASA Goddard\u2019s LiDAR, Hyperspectral and Thermal (G-LiHT) airborne imager","volume":"5","author":"Cook","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/2\/1667\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:42:23Z","timestamp":1760215343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/2\/1667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs70201667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70201667","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,5]]}}}