{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T12:38:28Z","timestamp":1784723908757,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,27]],"date-time":"2015-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An accurate estimation of carbon fluxes is very important in carbon cycle studies. A remote sensing based gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) algorithm, RS-CFLUX, was presented in this work. The algorithm was calibrated with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method at Daman superstation and Zhangye wetland station in the midstream of the Heihe River Basin. Results indicated that both of the stations present high GPP (1442.04 g C\/m2\/year at Daman superstation and 928.89 g C\/m2\/year at Zhangye wetland station) and NEP (409.38 g C\/m2\/year at Daman superstation and 422.60 g C\/m2\/year at Zhangye wetland station). The RS-CFLUX model can correctly simulate the seasonal dynamics and quantities of carbon fluxes at both stations, using photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference water index (NDWI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) as input. RS-CFLUX model were sensitive to maximum light use efficiency, respiration at reference temperature, activation energy parameter of respiration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70403651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,27]],"date-time":"2015-03-27T17:12:08Z","timestamp":1427476328000},"page":"3651-3669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["An Algorithm for Gross Primary Production (GPP) and Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) Estimations in the Midstream of the Heihe River Basin, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3591-4091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xufeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental  and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guodong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental  and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental  and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental  and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3783-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingguo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5490.291","article-title":"The global carbon cycle: A test of our knowledge of earth as a system","volume":"290","author":"Falkowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155121","article-title":"Forests and climate change: Forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests","volume":"320","author":"Bonan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184984","article-title":"Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: Global distribution and covariation with climate","volume":"329","author":"Beer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2008.10.011","article-title":"Response of the carbon cycle in sub-arctic black spruce forests to climate change: Reduction of a carbon sink related to the sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration","volume":"149","author":"Ueyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agr. Forest Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2014.03.002","article-title":"Climatic and topographic controls on soil organic matter storage and dynamics in the Indian Himalaya: Potential carbon cycle-climate change feedbacks","volume":"119","author":"Longbottom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2307\/2845983","article-title":"Global primary production: A remote sensing approach","volume":"22","author":"Prince","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00043-3","article-title":"Estimation of carbon mass fluxes over Europe using the C-Fix model and EuroFlux data","volume":"83","author":"Veroustraete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802438530","article-title":"Analysing the forcing mechanisms for net primary productivity changes in the Heihe river basin, north-west China","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.03.010","article-title":"Modeling gross primary production of temperate deciduous broadleaf forest using satellite images and climate data","volume":"91","author":"Xiao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2004)054[0547:ACSMOG]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A continuous satellite-derived measure of global terrestrial primary production","volume":"54","author":"Running","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, J., Davis, K.J., Urban, N.M., Keller, K., and Saliendra, N.Z. (2011). Upscaling carbon fluxes from towers to the regional scale: Influence of parameter variability and land cover representation on regional flux estimates. J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci., 116.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JG001568"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.07.018","article-title":"Modelling surface energy fluxes over maize using a two-source patch model and radiometric soil and canopy temperature observations","volume":"112","author":"Kustas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.03.007","article-title":"Estimation of olive grove canopy temperature from MODIS thermal imagery is more accurate than interpolation from meteorological stations","volume":"176","author":"Blum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agr. Forest Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwu017","article-title":"Integrated study of the water-ecosystem-economy in the Heihe River Basin","volume":"1","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00154.1","article-title":"Heihe watershed allied telemetry experimental research (HiWATER): Scientific objectives and experimental design","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13140","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020260","article-title":"Intercomparison of surface energy flux measurement systems used during the HiWATER-MUSOEXE","volume":"118","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-1291-2011","article-title":"A comparison of eddy-covariance and large aperture scintillometer measurements with respect to the energy balance closure problem","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.02.025","article-title":"Measurements of evapotranspiration from eddy-covariance systems and large aperture scintillometers in the Hai River Basin, China","volume":"487","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"94","article-title":"Vegetation primary production estimation at maize and alpine meadow over the Heihe River Basin, China","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.715774","article-title":"Validation of MODIS-GPP product at 10 flux sites in Northern China","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Vermote, E.F., and Vermeulen, A. Atmospheric correction algorithm: Spectral reflectances (MOD09), Available online: http:\/\/modis.gsfc.nasa.gov\/data\/atbd\/atbd_mod08.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Wan, Z.M. (1999). MODIS Land-Surface Temperature Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (LST ATBD), Available online: http:\/\/modis.gsfc.nasa.gov\/data\/atbd\/atbd_mod11.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.03.014","article-title":"A simple method for reconstructing a high-quality NDVI time-series data set based on the Savitzky-Golay filter","volume":"91","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6032024","article-title":"Comparison of eight techniques for reconstructing multi-satellite sensor time-series NDVI data sets in the Heihe River Basin, China","volume":"6","author":"Geng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2005.08.037","article-title":"Reconstructing pathfinder AVHRR land NDVI time-series data for the northwest of China","volume":"37","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices","volume":"83","author":"Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, A.F., Sims, D.A., Cordova, V.D., and El-Masri, B.Z. (2005). Potential of MODIS EVI and surface temperature for directly estimating per-pixel ecosystem C Fluxes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024127"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v51i2.16318","article-title":"The sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to historical climate variability and atmospheric CO2 in the United States","volume":"51","author":"Tian","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00067-3","article-title":"NDWI\u2014A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space","volume":"58","author":"Gao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2307\/2389824","article-title":"On the temperature dependence of soil respiration","volume":"8","author":"Lloyd","year":"1994","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, T., White, L., Hui, D., and Luo, Y. (2006). Probabilistic inversion of a terrestrial ecosystem model: Analysis of uncertainty in parameter estimation and model prediction. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 20.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GB002468"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rtp005","article-title":"Conditional inversion to estimate parameters from eddy-flux observations","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Plant. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177011136","article-title":"Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences","volume":"7","author":"Gelman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Statist. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.03.002","article-title":"Regional mapping of gross light-use efficiency using MODIS spectral indices","volume":"112","author":"Drolet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420000624","article-title":"Variation in measured values of photosynthetic quantum yield in ecophysiological studies","volume":"128","author":"Singsaas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2005.1671","article-title":"Peatland hydrology and carbon release: Why small-scale process matters","volume":"363","author":"Holden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-009-0003-4","article-title":"Carbon storage and fluxes within freshwater wetlands: A critical review","volume":"30","author":"Kayranli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2001.00434.x","article-title":"Parameter estimation in surface exchange models using nonlinear inversion: How many parameters can we estimate and which measurements are most useful?","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2012.04.027","article-title":"Improving model parameter estimation using coupling relationships between vegetation production and ecosystem respiration","volume":"240","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JG002402","article-title":"Uncertainty analysis of modeled carbon and water fluxes in a subtropical coniferous plantation","volume":"118","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCallum, I., Wagner, W., Schmullius, C., Shvidenko, A., Obersteiner, M., Fritz, S., and Nilsson, S. (2009). Satellite-based terrestrial production efficiency modeling. Carbon Balanc. Manag., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-0680-4-8"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2013.08.009","article-title":"Reconstruction of the land surface temperature time series using harmonic analysis","volume":"61","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/4\/3651\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:44:02Z","timestamp":1760215442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/4\/3651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,27]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs70403651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70403651","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,27]]}}}