{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:23:04Z","timestamp":1760242984661,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]],"date-time":"2015-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1546243","1251257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1546243","1251257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Analyzing massive remotely-sensed datasets presents formidable challenges. The volume of satellite imagery collected often outpaces analytical capabilities, however thorough analyses of complete datasets may provide new insights into processes that would otherwise be unseen. In this study we present a novel, object-oriented approach to storing, retrieving, and analyzing large remotely-sensed datasets. The objective is to provide a new structure for scalable storage and rapid, Internet-based analysis of climatology data. The concept of a \u201cdata rod\u201d is introduced, a conceptual data object that organizes time-series information into a temporally-oriented vertical column at any given location. To demonstrate one possible use, we ingest 25 years of Greenland imagery into a series of pure-object databases, then retrieve and analyze the data. The results provide a basis for evaluating the database performance and scientific analysis capabilities. The project succeeds in demonstrating the effectiveness of the prototype database architecture and analysis approach, not because new scientific information is discovered, but because quality control issues are revealed in the source data that had gone undetected for years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70403986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]],"date-time":"2015-04-07T03:47:46Z","timestamp":1428378466000},"page":"3986-4001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Novel Technique for Time-Centric Analysis of Massive Remotely-Sensed Datasets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Glenn","family":"Grant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gallaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"110","article-title":"EASE-Grid: A versatile set of equal-area projections and grids","volume":"5","author":"Brodzik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Discret. Glob. Grids"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3189\/S0260305500014336","article-title":"AVHRR-based Polar Pathfinder products for modeling applications","volume":"25","author":"Maslanik","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Knowles, K. EASE-Grid: Land-Ocean-Coastline-Ice Masks Derived from Boston University MODIS\/Terra Land Cover Data. Available online: http:\/\/nsidc.org\/api\/metadata?id=nsidc-0607."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33989","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD900072","article-title":"Assessment of Greenland albedo variability from the advanced very high resolution radiometer Polar Pathfinder data set","volume":"106","author":"Stroeve","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.10.014","article-title":"MODIS snow albedo bias at high solar zenith angles relative to theory and to in situ observations in Greenland","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3189\/S0260305500013793","article-title":"The changing albedo of the Greenland ice sheet: Implications for climate modeling","volume":"25","author":"Nolin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1073888","article-title":"Mass balance of polar ice sheets","volume":"297","author":"Rignot","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000004214","article-title":"The surface albedo of the Greenland ice sheet: Satellite-derived and in situ measurements in the S\u00f8ndre Str\u00f8mfjord area during the 1991 melt season","volume":"42","author":"Knap","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, S.L., Stroeve, J., and Box, J.E. (2005). Mapping daily snow\/ice shortwave broadband albedo from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS): The improved direct retrieval algorithm and validation with Greenland in situ measurement. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005493"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serreze, M.C., and Barry, R.G. (2014). The Arctic Climate System, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139583817"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<2712:AMFTSA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A model for the spectral albedo of snow .1: Pure snow","volume":"37","author":"Wiscombe","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000021122","article-title":"The optical properties of ice and snow in the Arctic Basin","volume":"18","author":"Grenfell","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12489","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD900069","article-title":"Estimating the cloudy-sky albedo of sea ice and snow from space","volume":"106","author":"Key","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/1999RG000076","article-title":"Measuring snow and glacier ice properties from satellite","volume":"39","author":"Konig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Key, J.R. The Cloud and Surface Parameter Retrieval (CASPR) System for Polar AVHRR: User\u2019s Guide: Version 4.0. Available online: http:\/\/library.ssec.wisc.edu\/research_Resources\/publications\/pdfs\/SSECPUBS\/SSEC_Publication_No_02_01_K1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Fowler, C., Maslanik, J., Haran, T., Scambos, T., Key, J., and Emery, W. AVHRR Polar Pathfinder Twice-Daily 5 km EASE-Grid Composites V003. Available online: https:\/\/nsidc.org\/data\/docs\/daac\/nsidc0066_avhrr_5km.gd.html."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(97)00107-7","article-title":"Comparison of AVHRR-derived and in situ surface albedo over the Greenland ice sheet","volume":"62","author":"Stroeve","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00179-6","article-title":"Intercomparison between in situ and AVHRR Polar Pathfinder-derived surface albedo over Greenland","volume":"75","author":"Stroeve","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Steffen, K., Box, J., and Abdalati, W. (1996). Greenland Climate Network: GC-Net, US Army Cold Regions Reattach and Engineering (CRREL). CRREL Special Report."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33983","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD900181","article-title":"Greenland ice sheet melt extent: 1979\u20131999","volume":"106","author":"Abdalati","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-5-359-2011","article-title":"Melting trends over the Greenland ice sheet (1958\u20132009) from spaceborne microwave data and regional climate models","volume":"5","author":"Fettweis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tedesco, M., Fettweis, X., van den Broeke, M., van de Wal, R., Smeets, C., van de Berg, W., Serreze, M., and Box, J. (2011). The role of albedo and accumulation in the 2010 melting record in Greenland. Environ. Res. Lett., 6.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/6\/1\/014005"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Sharp, M., Rivard, B., and Steffen, K. (2007). Melt season duration and ice layer formation on the Greenland ice sheet, 2000\u20132004. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JF000760"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, T., Liang, S.L., Yu, Y.Y., Wang, D.D., Gao, F., and Liu, Q. (2013). Greenland surface albedo changes in July 1981\u20132012 from satellite observations. Environ. Res. Lett., 8.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/4\/044043"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Box, J., Cappelen, J., Chen, C., Decker, D., Fettweis, X., Hall, D., Hanna, E., Jorgensen, B., Lipscomb, W., and Mernild, S. Greenland Ice Sheet-Arctic Report Card: Update for 2011. Available online: http:\/\/orbi.ulg.ac.be\/bitstream\/2268\/107836\/1\/ArcticReportCard_Greenland.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-6-821-2012","article-title":"Greenland ice sheet albedo feedback: Thermodynamics and atmospheric drivers","volume":"6","author":"Box","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cryosphere"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/4\/3986\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:44:16Z","timestamp":1760215456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/4\/3986"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs70403986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70403986","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]]}}}