{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T12:48:46Z","timestamp":1773751726544,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,8]],"date-time":"2015-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Proyectos Plan Galego IDT, Conseller\u00eda de Cultura, Educaci\u00f3n e Ordenaci\u00f3n Universitaria. Xunta de Galicia","award":["EM2014-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EM2014-003"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA) partially funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["RTA2012-00018-C02-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTA2012-00018-C02-01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2012-40053-C03-01 (PJZT)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2012-40053-C03-01 (PJZT)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of reliable methods for the estimation of crown architecture parameters is a key issue for the quantitative evaluation of tree crop adaptation to environment conditions and\/or growing system. In the present work, we developed and tested the performance of a method based on low-cost unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery for the estimation of olive crown parameters (tree height and crown diameter) in the framework of olive tree breeding programs, both on discontinuous and continuous canopy cropping systems. The workflow involved the image acquisition with consumer-grade cameras on board a UAV and orthomosaic and digital surface model generation using structure-from-motion image reconstruction (without ground point information). Finally, geographical information system analyses and object-based classification were used for the calculation of tree parameters. Results showed a high agreement between remote sensing estimation and field measurements of crown parameters. This was observed both at the individual tree\/hedgerow level (relative RMSE from 6% to 20%, depending on the particular case) and also when average values for different genotypes were considered for phenotyping purposes (relative RMSE from 3% to 16%), pointing out the interest and applicability of these data and techniques in the selection scheme of breeding programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70404213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,8]],"date-time":"2015-04-08T11:23:46Z","timestamp":1428492226000},"page":"4213-4232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":286,"title":["High-Resolution Airborne UAV Imagery to Assess Olive Tree Crown Parameters Using 3D Photo Reconstruction: Application in Breeding Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"D\u00edaz-Varela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bot\u00e1nica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Escola Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Campus Universitario s\/n, E-27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"De la Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFAPA Centro Alameda del Obispo, Avda Men\u00e9ndez Pidal, s\/n, E-14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFAPA Centro Alameda del Obispo, Avda Men\u00e9ndez Pidal, s\/n, E-14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Zarco-Tejada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), Alameda del Obispo s\/n, E-14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costes, E., Lauri, P., and Regnard, J.L. (2006). Analyzing Fruit Tree Architecture: Implications for Tree Management and Fruit Production. Hort. Rev., 32.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470767986.ch1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badenes, M.L., Byrne, D.H., and Media, S.S. (2011). Fruit Breeding, Springer Science + Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0763-9"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Barranco, D., Fernandez-Escobar, R., and Rallo, L. (2010). Olive Growing, RIRDC."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"392","article-title":"Preliminary results of an olive cultivar trial at high density","volume":"58","author":"Leon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Csiro Publ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTTECH.24.3.295","article-title":"Breeding oil and table olives for mechanical harvesting in Spain","volume":"24","author":"Rallo","year":"2014","journal-title":"HortTechnology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2012.06.009","article-title":"Reliable and relevant qualitative descriptors for evaluating complex architectural traits in olive progenies","volume":"143","author":"Hammami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2010.10.005","article-title":"Field characterization of olive (Olea europaea L.) tree crown architecture using terrestrial laser scanning data","volume":"151","author":"Moorthy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11295-012-0548-x","article-title":"Genetic determinism of the vegetative and reproductive traits in an F1 olive tree progeny","volume":"9","author":"Moutier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tree Genet. Genomes"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16216","DOI":"10.3390\/s131216216","article-title":"Assessing the potential of low-cost 3D cameras for the rapid measurement of plant woody structure","volume":"13","author":"Nock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.07.024","article-title":"Large area mapping of southwestern forest crown cover, canopy height, and biomass using the NASA Multiangle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer","volume":"112","author":"Chopping","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2014.01.004","article-title":"Tree height quantification using very high resolution imagery acquired from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and automatic 3D photo-reconstruction methods","volume":"55","author":"Angileri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.04.008","article-title":"Obtaining the three-dimensional structure of tree orchards from remote 2D terrestrial LIDAR scanning","volume":"149","author":"Rosell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2011.09.007","article-title":"A review of methods and applications of the geometric characterization of tree crops in agricultural activities","volume":"81","author":"Rosell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4040950","article-title":"An international comparison of individual tree detection and extraction using airborne laser scanning","volume":"4","author":"Kaartinen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.02.001","article-title":"LiDAR sampling for large-area forest characterization: A review","volume":"121","author":"Wulder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F03017","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JF002289","article-title":"Straightforward reconstruction of 3D surfaces and topography with a camera: Accuracy and geoscience application","volume":"117","author":"James","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"125","article-title":"The accuracy of automatic photogrammetric techniques on ultra-light UAV imagery","volume":"XXXVIII-1","author":"Strecha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4051392","article-title":"An automated technique for generating georectified mosaics from ultra-high resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery, based on Structure from Motion (SfM) point clouds","volume":"4","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-1-W2-141-2013","article-title":"UAV-based photogrammetric point clouds\u2014Tree stem mapping in open stands in comparison to terrestrial laser scanner point clouds","volume":"XL-1\/W2","author":"Fritz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.5721\/EuJRS20144716","article-title":"Use of unmanned aerial systems for multispectral survey and tree classification: A test in a park area of northern Italy","volume":"47","author":"Gini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-013-0142-2","article-title":"Experimental analysis of different software packages for orientation and digital surface modelling from UAV images","volume":"7","author":"Sona","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Inform."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.01.006","article-title":"Automatic identification of agricultural terraces through object-oriented analysis of very high resolution DSMs and multispectral imagery obtained from an unmanned aerial vehicle","volume":"134","author":"Angileri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2010457","article-title":"Thermal and Narrowband Multispectral Remote Sensing for Vegetation Monitoring From an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle","volume":"47","author":"Berni","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2010.09.008","article-title":"Land cover classification of VHR airborne images for citrus grove identification","volume":"66","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2010.534557","article-title":"UAS remote sensing missions for rangeland applications","volume":"26","author":"Laliberte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4061519","article-title":"Development of a UAV-LiDAR system with application to forest inventory","volume":"4","author":"Wallace","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.06.018","article-title":"Mapping canopy conductance and CWSI in olive orchards using high resolution thermal remote sensing imagery","volume":"113","author":"Berni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"156","article-title":"Almond tree canopy temperature reveals intra-crown variability that is water stress-dependent","volume":"154\u2013155","author":"Berni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.02.016","article-title":"Imaging chlorophyll fluorescence with an airborne narrow-band multispectral camera for vegetation stress detection","volume":"113","author":"Berni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.09.006","article-title":"Detecting water stress effects on fruit quality in orchards with time-series PRI airborne imagery","volume":"114","author":"Berni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-012-9263-8","article-title":"Mapping radiation interception in row-structured orchards using 3D simulation and high-resolution airborne imagery acquired from a UAV","volume":"13","author":"Berni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.02.003","article-title":"Spatio-temporal patterns of chlorophyll fluorescence and physiological and structural indices acquired from hyperspectral imagery as compared with carbon fluxes measured with eddy covariance","volume":"133","author":"Morales","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"281","article-title":"Estimating leaf carotenoid content in vineyards using high resolution hyperspectral imagery acquired from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)","volume":"171\u2013172","author":"Catalina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.007","article-title":"Fluorescence, temperature and narrow-band indices acquired from a UAV platform for water stress detection using a micro-hyperspectral imager and a thermal camera","volume":"117","author":"Berni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"453","article-title":"Initial selection steps in olive breeding programs","volume":"201","author":"Velasco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.43.2.529","article-title":"\u201cChiquitita\u201d olive","volume":"43","author":"Rallo","year":"2008","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.42.3.499","article-title":"Breeding for early bearing in olive","volume":"42","author":"Leon","year":"2007","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.06.004","article-title":"Object based image analysis for remote sensing","volume":"65","author":"Blaschke","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2003.10.002","article-title":"Multi-resolution, object-oriented fuzzy analysis of remote sensing data for GIS-ready information","volume":"58","author":"Benz","year":"2004","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2011.12.007","article-title":"On the use of depth camera for 3D phenotyping of entire plants","volume":"82","author":"Rousseau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.3390\/s140203001","article-title":"Low-Cost 3D Systems: Suitable Tools for Plant Phenotyping","volume":"14","author":"Paulus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Perry, E.M., Brand, J., Kant, S., and Fitzgerald, G.J. Field-based rapid phenotyping with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). Proceedings of 16th Agronomy Conference 2012."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-12-63","article-title":"A novel mesh processing based technique for 3D plant analysis","volume":"12","author":"Paproki","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-3-139-2014","article-title":"Automatic Single Tree Detection in Plantations using UAV-based Photogrammetric Point clouds","volume":"XL-3","author":"Kattenborn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2010.0449","article-title":"Determining biophysical parameters for olive trees using CASI-airborne and Quickbird-satellite imagery","volume":"103","author":"Gama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agron. J."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/4\/4213\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:44:28Z","timestamp":1760215468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/4\/4213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,8]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs70404213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70404213","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,8]]}}}