{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T23:45:36Z","timestamp":1768434336193,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,17]],"date-time":"2015-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1429228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study analyzed the vertical distribution of gravimetric water content (GWC), relative water content (RWC), and equivalent water thickness (EWT) in winter wheat during heading and early ripening stages, and evaluated the position of leaf number at which Vegetation Indexes (VIs) can best retrieve canopy water-related properties of winter wheat. Results demonstrated that the vertical distribution of these properties followed a near-bell-shaped curve with the highest values at the intermediate leaf position. GWC of the top three or four leaves during the heading stage and the top two or three leaves during the early ripening stage can represent the GWC of the whole canopy, but the RWC and EWT of the whole canopy should be calculated based on the top four leaves. At leaf level, the analysis demonstrated strong relationships between EWT and VIs for the top leaf layer, but for GWCD, GWCF, and RWC, the strongest relationships with VIs were found in the intermediate leaf layers. At canopy level, VIs provided the most accurate estimation of GWCfor the top three or four leaves. Water absorption-based VIs could estimate canopy EWT of winter wheat for the top four leaves, but the suitable bands sensitive to water absorptions should be carefully selected for the studied species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70404626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,17]],"date-time":"2015-04-17T11:09:30Z","timestamp":1429268970000},"page":"4626-4650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Remote Estimation of Leaf and Canopy Water Content in Winter Wheat with Different Vertical Distribution of  Water-Related Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shishi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zygielbaum, A.I., Gitelson, A.A., Arkebauer, T.J., and Rundquist, D.C. (2009). Non-destructive detection of water stress and estimation of relative water content in maize. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL038906"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.10.002","article-title":"Assessing canopy PRI from airborne imagery to map water stress in maize","volume":"86","author":"Rossini","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"697","article-title":"Hyperspectral remote sensing of vegetation and agricultural crops","volume":"80","author":"Thenkabail","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00067-3","article-title":"NDWI, a normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space","volume":"58","author":"Gao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00197-9","article-title":"Water content estimation in vegetation with MODIS reflectance data and model inversion methods","volume":"85","author":"Rueda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thenkabail, P.S., Lyon, G.J., and Huete, A. (2012). Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis group.","DOI":"10.1201\/b11222-41"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00151-7","article-title":"Estimation of vegetation water content and photosynthetic tissue area from spectral reflectance: A comparison of indices based on liquid water and chlorophyll absorption features","volume":"84","author":"Sims","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1071\/BT98042","article-title":"Remote sensing of water content in Eucalyptus leaves","volume":"47","author":"Datt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.09.005","article-title":"Estimation of leaf and canopy water content in poplar plantations by means of hyperspectral indices and inverse modeling","volume":"112","author":"Colombo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.05.029","article-title":"A global review of remote sensing of live fuel moisture content for fire danger assessment: Moving towards operational products","volume":"136","author":"Yebra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(89)90046-1","article-title":"Detection of changes in leaf water content using near- and middle-infrared reflectances","volume":"30","author":"Hunt","year":"1989","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169108929679","article-title":"Airborne remote sensing of canopy water thickness scaled from leaf spectrometer data","volume":"12","author":"Hunt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697217396","article-title":"Estimation of plant water concentration by the reflectance water index (R900\/R970)","volume":"18","author":"Ogaya","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"77","article-title":"The influence of soil salinity, growth form, and leaf moisture on the spectral radiance of Spartina alterniflora canopies","volume":"49","author":"Hardisky","year":"1983","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00191-2","article-title":"Detecting vegetation leaf water content using reflectance in the optical domain","volume":"77","author":"Ceccato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.08.015","article-title":"Modeling seasonal changes in live fuel moisture and equivalent water thickness using a cumulative water balance index","volume":"88","author":"Dennison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.027","article-title":"Remote sensing of fuel moisture content from ratios of narrow-band vegetation water and dry-matter indices","volume":"129","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00038-8","article-title":"Estimating canopy water content of chaparral shrubs using optical methods","volume":"65","author":"Ustin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1560\/IJPS.60.1-2.9","article-title":"Estimating canopy water content from spectroscopy","volume":"60","author":"Ustin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Isr. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.03.011","article-title":"Estimation of water-related biochemical and biophysical vegetation properties using multitemporal airborne hyperspectral data and its comparison to MODIS spectral response","volume":"148","author":"Casas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500185342","article-title":"MODIS-derived visible atmospherically resistant index for monitoring chaparral moisture content","volume":"26","author":"Stow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2007.12.005","article-title":"Estimation of live fuel moisture content from MODIS images for fire risk assessment","volume":"148","author":"Yebra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.843316","article-title":"Estimation of fuel moisture content by inversion of radiative transfer models to simulate equivalent water thickness and dry matter content: Analysis at leaf and canopy level","volume":"43","author":"Vaughan","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698215540","article-title":"The biochemical decomposition of slash pine needles from reflectance spectra using neural networks","volume":"19","author":"Dawson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.11.001","article-title":"Spectroscopic determination of leaf water content using continuous wavelet analysis","volume":"115","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2006.888847","article-title":"Retrieval of fresh leaf fuel moisture content using Genetic Algorithm Partial Least Squares (GA-PLS) modeling","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.05.004","article-title":"Spectroscopic analysis of seasonal changes in live fuel moisture content and leaf dry mass","volume":"150","author":"Qi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2307\/2401665","article-title":"Stand structure and light penetration. 2. A theoretical analysis","volume":"3","author":"Anderson","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.16.001151","article-title":"Asymptotic nature of grass canopy spectral reflectance","volume":"16","author":"Tucker","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.11.017","article-title":"Use of coupled canopy structure dynamic and radiative transfer models to estimate biophysical canopy characteristics","volume":"95","author":"Koetz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.12.003","article-title":"Inversion of a radiative transfer model for estimating vegetation LAI and chlorophyll in a heterogeneous grassland","volume":"112","author":"Darvishzadeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4290(92)90085-N","article-title":"Modelling the fully expanded area of maize leaves","volume":"29","author":"Keating","year":"1992","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2007.0322","article-title":"Vertical profile and temporal variation of chlorophyll in maize canopy: Quantitative \u201ccrop vigor\u201d indicator by means of reflectance-based techniques","volume":"100","author":"Ciganda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2012.01.007","article-title":"Assessing the vertical footprint of reflectance measurements to characterize nitrogen uptake and biomass distribution in maize canopies","volume":"129","author":"Winterhalter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"827","article-title":"Vertical profile of leaf senescence during the grain-filling period in older and newer maize hybrids","volume":"44","author":"Valentinuz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00037-8","article-title":"Designing a spectral index to estimate vegetation water content from remote sensing data: Part 1 Theoretical approach","volume":"82","author":"Ceccato","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00036-6","article-title":"Designing a spectral index to estimate vegetation water content from remote sensing data: Part 2 Validation and applications","volume":"82","author":"Ceccato","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(79)90013-0","article-title":"Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation","volume":"8","author":"Tucker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.11.011","article-title":"Towards estimation of canopy foliar biomass with spectral reflectance measurements","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.8221","article-title":"Identification of robust hyperspectral indices on forest leaf water content using PROSPECT simulated dataset and field reflectance measurements","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gitelson, A.A., Vi\u00f1a, A., Rundquist, D.C., Ciganda, V., and Arkebauer, T.J. (2005). Remote estimation of canopy chlorophyll content in crops. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL022688"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.03.017","article-title":"Estimating live fuel moisture content from remotely sensed reflectance","volume":"92","author":"Danson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.02.002","article-title":"Estimation of leaf water status to monitor the risk of forest fires by using remotely sensed data","volume":"90","author":"Maki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(89)90066-7","article-title":"The relationship between leaf water status, gas exchange, and spectral reflectance in cotton leaves","volume":"30","author":"Bowman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"579","article-title":"Remote detection of canopy water stress in coniferous forests using the NS001 thematic mapper simulator and the thermal infrared multispectral scanner","volume":"56","author":"Pierce","year":"1990","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169108955215","article-title":"Temporal versus spatial variation in leaf reflectance under changing water-stress conditions","volume":"12","author":"Cohen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90065-E","article-title":"Detection of canopy water stress in conifers using the airborne imaging spectrometer","volume":"35","author":"Riggs","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00332-7","article-title":"Deriving green crop area index and canopy chlorophyll density of winter wheat from spectral reflectance data","volume":"81","author":"Broge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2008.03.004","article-title":"Non-destructive determination of maize leaf and canopy chlorophyll content","volume":"166","author":"Ciganda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Plant. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/4\/4626\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:44:55Z","timestamp":1760215495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/4\/4626"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,17]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs70404626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70404626","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,17]]}}}