{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:19:45Z","timestamp":1771514385458,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]],"date-time":"2015-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013CB733406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013CB733406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantifying roughness effects on ground surface emissivity is an important step in obtaining high-quality soil moisture products from large-scale passive microwave sensors. In this study, we used a semi-empirical method to evaluate roughness effects (parameterized here by the                                                    parameter) on a global scale from AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS) observations. AMSR-E brightness temperatures at 6.9 GHz obtained from January 2009 to September 2011, together with estimations of soil moisture from the SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) L3 products and of soil temperature from ECMWF\u2019s (European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasting) were used as inputs in a retrieval process. In the first step, we retrieved a parameter (referred to as the     parameter) accounting for the combined effects of roughness and vegetation. Then, global MODIS NDVI data were used to decouple the effects of vegetation from those of surface roughness. Finally, global maps of the Hr parameters were produced and discussed. Initial results showed that some spatial patterns in the     values could be associated with the main vegetation types (higher values of     were retrieved generally in forested regions, intermediate values were obtained over crops and grasslands, and lower values were obtained over shrubs and desert) and topography. For instance, over the USA, lower values of     were retrieved in relatively flat regions while relatively higher values were retrieved in hilly regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70505734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]],"date-time":"2015-05-05T10:43:16Z","timestamp":1430822596000},"page":"5734-5757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Global-Scale Evaluation of Roughness Effects on C-Band AMSR-E Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, and School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"INRA, UMR 1391 ISPA, Villenave d\u2019Ornon, INRA, Bordeaux Aquitaine 33140, France"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Wigneron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRA, UMR 1391 ISPA, Villenave d\u2019Ornon, INRA, Bordeaux Aquitaine 33140, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9847-9034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling-Mei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, and School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7643-2211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Parrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRA, UMR 1391 ISPA, Villenave d\u2019Ornon, INRA, Bordeaux Aquitaine 33140, France"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphere (CESBIO), UMR 5126, (CNES, CNRS, IRD, UT3), Toulouse Cedex 31401, France"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Yong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, and School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7530-6088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amen","family":"Al-Yaari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRA, UMR 1391 ISPA, Villenave d\u2019Ornon, INRA, Bordeaux Aquitaine 33140, France"}]},{"given":"Qin-Yu","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, and School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Fernandez-Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRA, UMR 1391 ISPA, Villenave d\u2019Ornon, INRA, Bordeaux Aquitaine 33140, France"},{"name":"Climatology from Satellites Group, Department of Earth Physics & Thermodynamics, Faculty of Physics, University of Valencia, Burjassot 46100, Spain"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6352-1717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yann","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphere (CESBIO), UMR 5126, (CNES, CNRS, IRD, UT3), Toulouse Cedex 31401, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.3360070205","article-title":"Measuring surface soil moisture using passive microwave remote sensing","volume":"7","author":"Jackson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D03102","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007478","article-title":"Initializing numerical weather prediction models with satellite-derived surface soil moisture: Data assimilation experiments with ECMWF\u2019s integrated forecast system and the TMI soil moisture data set","volume":"112","author":"Drusch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s003820000080","article-title":"Relevance of soil moisture for seasonal climate predictions: A preliminary study","volume":"16","author":"Douville","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.808243","article-title":"Soil moisture retrieval from AMSR-E","volume":"41","author":"Njoku","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1051\/agro:19980102","article-title":"Use of passive microwave remote sensing to monitor soil moisture","volume":"18","author":"Wigneron","year":"1998","journal-title":"Agronomie"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.802480","article-title":"Soil moisture retrieval using the C-band polarimetric scanning radiometer during the Southern Great Plains 1999 Experiment","volume":"40","author":"Jackson","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.10.017","article-title":"Vegetation and surface roughness effects on AMSR-E land observations","volume":"100","author":"Njoku","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(95)02970-2","article-title":"Passive microwave remote sensing of soil moisture","volume":"184","author":"Njoku","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00051-8","article-title":"Retrieving near-surface soil moisture from microwave radiometric observations: Current status and future plans","volume":"85","author":"Wigneron","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2186581","article-title":"Evaluation of SMOS soil moisture products over continental U.S. using the SCAN\/SNOTEL network","volume":"50","author":"Leroux","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/36.225537","article-title":"Microwave emission of vegetation: Sensitivity to leaf characteristics","volume":"31","author":"Wigneron","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)00081-W","article-title":"A simple algorithm to retrieve soil moisture and vegetation biomass using passive microwave measurements over crop fields","volume":"51","author":"Wigneron","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.02.003","article-title":"Soil moisture mapping and AMSR-E validation using the PSR in SMEX02","volume":"103","author":"Bindlish","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.817976","article-title":"Characterizing the dependence of vegetation model parameters on crop structure, incidence angle, and polarization at L-band","volume":"42","author":"Wigneron","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.12.002","article-title":"Estimates of surface soil moisture under grass covers using L-band radiometry","volume":"109","author":"Saleh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.04.006","article-title":"Global-scale evaluation of two satellite-based passive microwave soil moisture datasets (SMOS and AMSR-E) with respect to land data assimilation system estimates","volume":"149","author":"Wigneron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"375","article-title":"SMOS CATDS level 3 global products over land","volume":"7824","author":"Jacquette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1109\/36.942548","article-title":"A simple parameterization of the L-band microwave emission from rough agricultural soils","volume":"39","author":"Wigneron","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5699","DOI":"10.1029\/JC084iC09p05699","article-title":"Effect of surface roughness on the microwave emission from soils","volume":"84","author":"Choudhury","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Ocean."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.807003","article-title":"A parameterized surface reflectivity model and estimation of bare-surface soil moisture with L-band radiometer","volume":"40","author":"Shi","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2178421","article-title":"Evaluating the L-MEB model from long-term microwave measurements over a rough field, SMOSREX 2006","volume":"50","author":"Mialon","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11229","DOI":"10.1029\/JC087iC13p11229","article-title":"A model for microwave emission from vegetation-covered fields","volume":"87","author":"Mo","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Ocean."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4075","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2226995","article-title":"Evaluating the semiempirical H-Q model used to calculate the L-band emissivity of a rough bare soil","volume":"51","author":"Lawrence","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez-Moran, R., Wigneron, J.P., Lopez-Baeza, E., Salgado-Hernanz, P.M., Mialon, A., Miernecki, M., Alyaari, A., Parrens, M., Schwank, M., and Wang, S. (2014, January 13\u201318). Evaluating the impact of roughness in soil moisture and optical thickness retrievals over the VAS area. Proceedings of 2014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2014).","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2014.6946841"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5277","DOI":"10.1029\/JC086iC06p05277","article-title":"Remote sensing of soil moisture content, over bare field at 1.4 GHz frequency","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Ocean."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.10.014","article-title":"L-band microwave emission of the biosphere (L-MEB) model: Description and calibration against experimental data sets over crop fields","volume":"107","author":"Wigneron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sen. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.02.015","article-title":"Evaluation of multi-frequency bare soil microwave reflectivity models","volume":"162","author":"Montpetit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F01002","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JF000769","article-title":"Multisensor historical climatology of satellite-derived global land surface moisture","volume":"113","author":"Owe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4256","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2051035","article-title":"Validation of advanced microwave scanning radiometer soil moisture products","volume":"48","author":"Jackson","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1109\/36.54364","article-title":"A semiempirical model for interpreting microwave emission from semiarid land surfaces as seen from space","volume":"28","author":"Kerr","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1109\/36.942551","article-title":"Soil moisture retrieval from space: The soil moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission","volume":"39","author":"Kerr","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2010.2043032","article-title":"The SMOS mission: New tool for monitoring key elements of the global water cycle","volume":"98","author":"Kerr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2184548","article-title":"The SMOS soil moisture retrieval algorithm","volume":"50","author":"Kerr","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.07.013","article-title":"Global-scale comparison of passive (SMOS) and active (ASCAT) satellite based microwave soil moisture retrievals with soil moisture simulations (MERRA-Land)","volume":"152","author":"Wigneron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Berthon, L., Mialon, A., Cabot, F., Bitar, A.A., Richaume, P., Kerr, Y., Leroux, D., Bircher, S., Lawrence, H., and Quesney, A. (2012). CATDS Level 3 DATA Product Description-Soil Moisture and Brightness Temperature Part, CESBIO."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Kerr, Y., Waldteufel, P., Richaume, P., Ferrazzoli, P., and Wigneron, J.P. (2011). Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) for the SMOS Level 2 Soil Moisture Processor, CESBIO."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2251887","article-title":"Measurement and simulation of topographic effects on passive microwave remote sensing over mountain areas: A case study from the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"52","author":"Xinxin","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Gesosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Huete, A., Justice, C., and Wim, V.L. MODIS Vegetation Index (MOD13). Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document. Available online: http:\/\/vip.arizona.edu\/documents\/MODIS\/MODIS_VI_ATBD.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.021","article-title":"Comparison between SMOS vegetation optical depth products and MODIS vegetation indices over crop zones of the USA","volume":"140","author":"Lawrence","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JTECHA930.1","article-title":"The USDA natural resources conservation service soil climate analysis network (SCAN)","volume":"24","author":"Schaefer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.12.001","article-title":"A field experiment on microwave forest radiometry: L-band signal behaviour for varying conditions of surface wetness","volume":"109","author":"Grant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parrens, M., Wigneron, J.P., Richaume, P., Kerr, Y., Wang, S., Alyaari, A., Fernandez-Moran, R., Mialon, A., Escorihuela, M.J., and Grant, J.P. (2014, January 13\u201318). Global maps of roughness parameters from L-band SMOS observations. Proceedings of 2014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2014).","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2014.6947536"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-87-10-1381","article-title":"GSWP-2: Multimodel analysis and implications for our perception of the land surface","volume":"87","author":"Dirmeyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Fao, F. (1988). UNESCO Soil Map of the World, ISRIC. World Resources Report."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Verdin, K.L., and Jenson, S. (1996, January 21\u201325). Development of continental scale DEMs and extraction of hydrographic features. Proceedings of the Third International Conference\/Workshop on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, Santa Fe, NM, USA."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.837507","article-title":"Global survey and statistics of radio-frequency interference in AMSR-E land observations","volume":"43","author":"Njoku","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2182775","article-title":"SMOS Radio frequency interference scenario: Status and actions taken to improve the RFI environment in the 1400-1427-MHz passive band","volume":"50","author":"Oliva","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.817195","article-title":"A preliminary survey of radio-frequency interference over the U.S. in Aqua AMSR-E data","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2031637","article-title":"L-Band RFI as experienced during airborne campaigns in preparation for SMOS","volume":"48","author":"Skou","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3829","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-3829-2011","article-title":"Assimilation of ASCAT near-surface soil moisture into the SIM hydrological model over France","volume":"15","author":"Draper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.01.013","article-title":"Remote monitoring of soil moisture using passive microwave-based techniques\u2014Theoretical basis and overview of selected algorithms for AMSR-E","volume":"144","author":"Mladenova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01030062","article-title":"Microwave vegetation optical depth and inverse modelling of soil emissivity using Nimbus\/SMMR satellite observations","volume":"54","author":"Owe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Meteorl. Atmos. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.021","article-title":"Quantifying scattering albedo in microwave emission of vegetated terrain","volume":"129","author":"Kurum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1061\/JRCEA4.0001303","article-title":"Profile soil moisture from surface measurements","volume":"106","author":"Jackson","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Div."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Wigneron, J.P., Parrens, M., Al-Yaari, A., Fernandez-Moran, R., Jiang, L.M., Zeng, J.Y., and Kerr, Y. (2014, January 13\u201318). Evaluating roughness effects on C-band AMSR-E observations. Proceedings of 2014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2014).","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2014.6947188"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Martens, B., Lievens, H., Walker, J., Panciera, R., Tanase, M., Monerris, A., Gao, Y., Wu, X.L., and Verhoest, N. (2013, January 9\u201313). An alternative roughness parameterization for soil moisture retrievals from passive microwave observations. Proceedings of the 2013 ESA Living Planet Symposium, Edinburgh, UK."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1983.350529","article-title":"Multifrequency measurements of the effects of soil moisture, soil texture, and surface roughness","volume":"GE-21","author":"Wang","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1109\/36.942542","article-title":"A methodology for surface soil moisture and vegetation optical depth retrieval using the microwave polarization difference index","volume":"39","author":"Owe","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-2716(92)90029-9","article-title":"Passive microwave remote sensing of soil moisture: Results from HAPEX, FIFE and MONSOON 90","volume":"47","author":"Schmugge","year":"1992","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.01.008","article-title":"Semi-empirical regressions at L-band applied to surface soil moisture retrievals over grass","volume":"101","author":"Saleh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s11707-014-0412-4","article-title":"A simplified physically-based algorithm for surface soil moisture retrieval using AMSR-E data","volume":"8","author":"Zeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.12.015","article-title":"Satellite passive microwave remote sensing for monitoring global land surface phenology","volume":"115","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L18402","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL048684","article-title":"Global long-term passive microwave satellite-based retrievals of vegetation optical depth","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.09.007","article-title":"The impact of soil reflectance on the quantification of the green vegetation fraction from NDVI","volume":"112","author":"Montandon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Wigneron, J.P., Kerr, Y., Waldteufel, P., Ferrazzoli, P., Richaume, P., Saleh, K., Calvet, J.-C., and Chanzy, A. (2006, January 15). Recent advances in modelling the land surface emission at L-band-application to L-MEB in the operational SMOS algorithm. Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Recent Advances in Quantitative Remote Sensing (RAQRS\u2019II 2006), Torrent (Valencia), Spain."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Su, S., and Li, J. (1999). Geomorphologic Mapping, Surveying and Mapping Press."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1987.289860","article-title":"A parameterization of the effect of surface roughness on microwave emission","volume":"GE-25","author":"Mo","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.914801","article-title":"Calibration of the L-MEB model over a coniferous and a deciduous forest","volume":"46","author":"Grant","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.914788","article-title":"Flagging the topographic impact on the SMOS signal","volume":"46","author":"Mialon","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/5\/5734\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:45:49Z","timestamp":1760215549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/5\/5734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs70505734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70505734","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]]}}}