{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T17:53:21Z","timestamp":1773510801778,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,26]],"date-time":"2015-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Asian countries strongly depend on rice production for food security. The major rice-growing season (June to October) is highly exposed to the risk of tropical storm related damage. Unbiased and transparent approaches to assess the risk of rice crop damage are essential to support mitigation and disaster response strategies in the region. This study describes and demonstrates a method for rapid, pre-event crop status assessment. The  ex-post test case is Typhoon Haiyan and its impact on the rice crop in Leyte Province in the Philippines. A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) derived rice area map was used to delineate the area at risk while crop status at the moment of typhoon landfall was estimated from specific time series analysis of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. A spatially explicit indicator of risk of standing crop loss was calculated as the time between estimated heading date and typhoon occurrence. Results of the analysis of pre- and post-event SAR images showed that 6500 ha were flooded in northeastern Leyte. This area was also the region most at risk to storm related crop damage due to late establishment of rice. Estimates highlight that about 700 ha of rice (71% of which was in northeastern Leyte) had not reached maturity at the time of the typhoon event and a further 8400 ha (84% of which was in northeastern Leyte) were likely to be not yet harvested. We demonstrated that the proposed approach can provide pre-event, in-season information on the status of rice and other field crops and the risk of damage posed by tropical storms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70606535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,26]],"date-time":"2015-05-26T11:07:05Z","timestamp":1432638425000},"page":"6535-6557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Rapid Assessment of Crop Status: An Application of MODIS and SAR Data to Rice Areas in Leyte, Philippines Affected by Typhoon Haiyan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2156-4166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirco","family":"Boschetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Italian National Research Council,  Via Bassini 15, Milan 20133, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Ba\u00f1os, Laguna 4031, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Nutini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Italian National Research Council,  Via Bassini 15, Milan 20133, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giacinto","family":"Manfron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Italian National Research Council,  Via Bassini 15, Milan 20133, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9634-6038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Busetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Italian National Research Council,  Via Bassini 15, Milan 20133, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sarmap, Cascine di Barico 10, Purasca 6989, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Laborte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Ba\u00f1os, Laguna 4031, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeny","family":"Raviz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Ba\u00f1os, Laguna 4031, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Holecz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sarmap, Cascine di Barico 10, Purasca 6989, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Mabalay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), Mu\u00f1oz, Nueva Ecija 3119, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfie","family":"Bacong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), Mu\u00f1oz, Nueva Ecija 3119, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Quilang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), Mu\u00f1oz, Nueva Ecija 3119, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Global Rice Science Partnership (GRiSP) (2013). Rice Almanac, International Rice Research Institute. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT) Avaliable online: http:\/\/faostat3.fao.org\/faostat-gateway\/go\/to\/home\/E."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angove, M.D., and Falvey, R.J. (2011). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report 2011, Joint Typhoon Warning Center.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA561929"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"National Disaster Reduction and Risk Management Council (NDRRMC) NDRRMC Update: Site Rep No. 104 Effects of Typhoon \u201cYolanda\u201d (HAIYAN), Avaliable online: www.ndrrmc.gov.ph."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160010014729","article-title":"Integration of remote sensing data and GIS for accurate mapping of flooded areas","volume":"23","author":"Brivio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-14-1007-2014","article-title":"Road assessment after flood events using non-authoritative data","volume":"14","author":"Schnebele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2008.02.010","article-title":"Remote sensing assessment of forest damage in relation to the 1996 strong typhoon Herb at Lienhuachi Experimental Forest, Taiwan","volume":"255","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1023\/B:NHAZ.0000037035.65105.95","article-title":"Application of Remote Sensing in Flood Management with Special Reference to Monsoon Asia: A Review","volume":"33","author":"Sanyal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.03.014","article-title":"Using GIS to map impacts upon agriculture from extreme floods in Vietnam","volume":"41","author":"Chau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.06.008","article-title":"How effective were mangroves as a defence against the recent tsunami?","volume":"15","author":"Jayatissa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-11-1851-2011","article-title":"Geoinformatics in mangrove monitoring: damage and recovery after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Phang Nga, Thailand","volume":"11","author":"Kamthonkiat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160601091803","article-title":"Mapping severe damage to land cover following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami using moderate spatial resolution satellite imagery","volume":"28","author":"Belward","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Chen, P., Liew, S.C., and Kwoh, L.K. (2005, January 25\u201329). Tsunami damage assessment using high resolution satellite imagery: a case study of Aceh, Indonesia. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-10-729-2010","article-title":"Using remote sensing to assess tsunami-induced impacts on coastal forest ecosystems at the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand","volume":"10","author":"Kaiser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"3090","article-title":"Monitoring post-tsunami vegetation recovery in Phang-Nga province, Thailand, based on IKONOS imagery and field investigations\u2014A contribution to the analysis of tsunami vulnerability of coastal ecosystems","volume":"33","author":"Jeewarongkakul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3553","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701646332","article-title":"Assessing the impact of the 2004 tsunami on mangroves using remote sensing and GIS techniques","volume":"29","author":"Sirikulchayanon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0261-y","article-title":"A multitemporal analysis of tsunami impact on coastal vegetation using remote sensing: a case study on Koh Phra Thong Island, Thailand","volume":"64","author":"Villa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"FAO\/Philippines Crop damages after Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/philippines-typhoon-haiyan\/crop-damages-map\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Holecz, F., Barbieri, M., Gatti, L., Nelson, A., Setiyono, T.D., Boschetti, M., Manfron, G., and Brivio, P.A. (2013, January 9\u201311). An operational remote sensing based service for rice production estimation at national scale. Proceedings of ESA Living Planet Symposium, Edinburgh, UK."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4643","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802632249","article-title":"Multi-year monitoring of rice crop phenology through time series analysis of MODIS images","volume":"30","author":"Boschetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"85311E:1","article-title":"Testing automatic procedures to map rice area and detect phenological crop information exploiting time series analysis of remote sensed MODIS data","volume":"8531","author":"Manfron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10773","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61110773","article-title":"Towards an operational SAR-based rice monitoring system in Asia: Examples from 13 demonstration sites across Asia in the RIICE Project","volume":"6","author":"Nelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) 2012 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics, Available online: www.nscb.gov.ph."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Philippine Statistical Authority CountrySTAT, Available online: http:\/\/countrystat.bas.gov.ph\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Centre (LP DAAC), Available online: http:\/\/e4ftl01.cr.usgs.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Von Grebmer, K., Ringler, C., Rosegrant, M.W., Olofinbiyi, T., Wiesmann, D., Fritschel, H., Badiane, O., Torero, M., Yohannes, Y., and Thompson, J. 2012 Global Hunger Index | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Available online: http:\/\/www.ifpri.org\/publication\/2012-global-hunger-index."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Global Administrative Areas Database (GADM). Available online: http:\/\/www.gadm.org\/."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"EGU2012-14068-1","article-title":"An automatic approach for rice mapping in temperate region using time series of MODIS imagery: First results for Mediterranean environment","volume":"14","author":"Boschetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"EGU Geophys. Res. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices","volume":"83","author":"Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2004.05.006","article-title":"TIMESAT\u2014A program for analyzing time-series of satellite sensor data","volume":"30","author":"Eklundh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.03.014","article-title":"A simple method for reconstructing a high-quality NDVI time-series data set based on the Savitzky\u2013Golay filter","volume":"91","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.04.014","article-title":"Real-time monitoring and short-term forecasting of land surface phenology","volume":"104","author":"White","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.12.009","article-title":"Mapping paddy rice agriculture in southern China using multi-temporal MODIS images","volume":"95","author":"Xiao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Zbigniew Kundzewicz, Z., and Robson, A. (2000). Detecting Trend and other Changes in Hydrological Data, World Metereological Organization."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"IRRI Growth Stages of the Rice Plant. Available online: http:\/\/www.knowledgebank.irri.org\/ericeproduction\/0.2._Growth_stages_of_the_rice_plant.htm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.02.015","article-title":"Analysis of the conflict between omission and commission in low spatial resolution dichotomic thematic products: The Pareto Boundary","volume":"91","author":"Boschetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Maselli, F., Menenti, M., and Brivio, P.A. (2010). Remote Sensing Optical Observation of Vegetation Properties, Research Signpost."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/6\/6535\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:46:53Z","timestamp":1760215613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/6\/6535"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,26]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs70606535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70606535","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,26]]}}}