{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:04:27Z","timestamp":1778583867006,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>New calculations of the relative optical air mass function are made over the  0\u00b0\u201387\u00b0 range of apparent solar zenith angle \u03b8, for various vertical profiles of background aerosol, diamond dust and thin cirrus cloud particle extinction coefficient in the Arctic and Antarctic atmospheres. The calculations were carried out by following the Tomasi and Petkov (2014) procedure, in which the above-mentioned vertical profiles derived from lidar observations were used as weighting functions. Different sets of lidar measurements were examined, recorded using: (i) the Koldewey-Aerosol-Raman Lidar (KARL) system (AWI, Germany) at Ny-\u00c5lesund (Spitsbergen, Svalbard) in January, April, July and October 2013; (ii) the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite-based sensor over Barrow (Alaska), Eureka (Nunavut, Canada) and Sodankyl\u00e4 (northern Finland), and Neumayer III, Mario Zucchelli and Mirny coastal stations in Antarctica in the local summer months of the last two years; (iii) the National Institute of Optics (INO), National Council of Research (CNR) Antarctic lidar at Dome C on the Antarctic Plateau for a typical \u201cdiamond dust\u201d case; and (iv) the KARL lidar at Ny-\u00c5lesund and the University of Rome\/National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) lidar at Thule (northwestern Greenland) for some cirrus cloud layers in the middle and upper troposphere. The relative optical air mass calculations are compared with those obtained by Tomasi and Petkov (2014) to define the seasonal changes produced by aerosol particles, diamond dust and cirrus clouds. The results indicate that the corresponding air mass functions generally decrease as angle \u03b8 increases with rates that are proportional to the increase in the pure aerosol, diamond dust and cirrus cloud particle optical thickness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70607157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T10:55:28Z","timestamp":1433156128000},"page":"7157-7180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Seasonal Variations of the Relative Optical Air Mass Function for Background Aerosol and Thin Cirrus Clouds at Arctic and Antarctic Sites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Claudio","family":"Tomasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Change Division, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Council of Research (CNR), Bologna 40129, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boyan","family":"Petkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Change Division, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Council of Research (CNR), Bologna 40129, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Mazzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Change Division, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Council of Research (CNR), Bologna 40129, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate System Division, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI),  Potsdam 14473, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alcide","family":"Di Sarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Earth Observations and Analyses (UTMEA-TER), National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome 00123, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Di Iorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Earth Observations and Analyses (UTMEA-TER), National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome 00123, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Del Guasta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Optics (INO), National Council of Research (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) 50019, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2014.11.001","article-title":"Aerosol remote sensing in polar regions","volume":"140","author":"Tomasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00031-5","article-title":"AERONET\u2014A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization","volume":"66","author":"Holben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D24S91","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009009","article-title":"Overview of the atmospheric brown cloud East Asian regional experiment 2005 and a study of the aerosol direct radiative forcing in East Asia","volume":"112","author":"Nakajima","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D06204","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD011257","article-title":"Maritime Aerosol Network as a component of Aerosol Robotic Network","volume":"114","author":"Smirnov","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ohno, T. (2004, January 8\u201310). Aerosol routine observation operated by the Japan Meteorological Agency. Proceedings of WMO\/GAW Experts Workshop on a Global Surface-Based Network for Long Term Observations of Column Aerosol Optical Properties, Davos, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D16205","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008432","article-title":"Aerosols in polar regions: A historical overview based on optical depth and in situ observations","volume":"112","author":"Tomasi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.02.055","article-title":"An update of the long-term aerosol optical properties in polar regions using POLAR-AOD and other measurements performed during the International Polar Year","volume":"52","author":"Tomasi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/37\/5\/16","article-title":"Calibrations of filter radiometers for determination of atmospheric optical depths","volume":"37","author":"Wehrli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"123","article-title":"Monitoring aerosol optical depth at Barrow, Alaska, and South Pole; Historical overview, recent results and future goals","volume":"80","author":"Stone","year":"2002","journal-title":"SIF Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Shiobara, M., Yamano, M., Kobayashi, H., Aoki, K., and Yabuki, M. (2007, January 16\u201317). Sky-radiometer measurement for monitoring column aerosol optical properties in Ny-Alesund\u2014Recent results from the spring 2006\u20132007 measurements. Proceedings of 8th Ny-Alesund Seminar, Cambridge, UK."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"D13202","article-title":"Retrievals of Antarctic aerosol characteristics using a Sun-sky radiometer during the 2001\u20132002 austral summer campaign","volume":"110","author":"Campanelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herber, A., Thomason, L.W., Gernandt, H., Leiterer, U., Nagel, D., Schulz, K.-H., Kaptur, J., Albrecht, T., and Notholt, J. (2002). Continuous day and night aerosol optical depth observations in the Arctic between 1991 and 1999. J. Geophys. Res.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000536"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"21","article-title":"Sunphotometer BAS and ABAS for atmospheric research","volume":"222","author":"Leiterer","year":"1988","journal-title":"WMO Tech. Doc."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"179","article-title":"Changes in the aerosol optical depth of the Antarctic atmosphere","volume":"38","author":"Radionov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"181","article-title":"Portative solar photometer","volume":"2","author":"Sakerin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prib. Tekhnika Eksp. (Instrum. Exp. Tech.)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.22.000622","article-title":"Multiwavelength sun-photometers for accurate measurements of atmospheric extinction in the visible and near-IR spectral range","volume":"22","author":"Tomasi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"67","article-title":"Atmospheric turbidity measurements at Terra Nova Bay during January and February 1988","volume":"20","author":"Tomasi","year":"1989","journal-title":"SIF Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00875487","article-title":"Error analysis of multi-wavelength sun photometry","volume":"114","author":"Shaw","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Iqbal, M. (1983). An Introduction to Solar Radiation, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.07.042","article-title":"Evaluation of sun-photometer capabilities for retrievals of aerosol optical depth at high latitudes: The POLAR-AOD intercomparison campaigns","volume":"52","author":"Mazzola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-011-1280-1","article-title":"Effect of surface albedo, water vapour, and atmospheric aerosols on the cloud-free shortwave radiative budget in the Arctic","volume":"39","author":"Eriksen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020600","article-title":"Calculations of relative optical air masses for various aerosol types and minor gases in Arctic and Antarctic atmospheres","volume":"119","author":"Tomasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.44.003320","article-title":"Improved algorithm for calculations of Rayleigh-scattering optical depth in standard atmospheres","volume":"44","author":"Tomasi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D02205","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012852","article-title":"Characterizing polar atmospheres and their effect on Rayleigh-scattering optical depth","volume":"115","author":"Tomasi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2004.03.009","article-title":"Mean vertical profiles of temperature and absolute humidity from a twelve-year radiosounding data-set at Terra Nova Bay (Antarctica)","volume":"71","author":"Tomasi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Abreu, L.W., and Anderson, G.P. (1996). The MODTRAN 2\/3 Report and LOWTRAN 7 Model, Ontar Corporation."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Anderson, G.P., Clough, S.A., Kneizys, F.X., Chetwind, J.H., and Shettle, E.P. (1986). AFGL Atmospheric Constituent Profiles (0\u2013120 km)."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900267","article-title":"O2-O2 absorption band identification based on optical depth spectra of the visible and near-infrared","volume":"26","author":"Michalsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D00L12","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD013039","article-title":"Lidar measurements of the Kasatochi aerosol plume in August and September 2008 in Ny-\u00c5lesund, Spitsbergen","volume":"115","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1983)040<1851:TEOAAW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The effect of atmospheric attenuators with structured vertical distributions on air mass determinations and Langley plot analyses","volume":"40","author":"Thomason","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D15304","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD015803","article-title":"Analysis of a 4 year radiosonde data set at Dome C for characterizing temperature and moisture conditions of the Antarctic atmosphere","volume":"116","author":"Tomasi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7113","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.31.007113","article-title":"Independent measurement of extinction and backscatter profiles in cirrus clouds by using a combined Raman elastic-backscatter LiDAR","volume":"31","author":"Ansmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9059","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-9059-2009","article-title":"Ground-based lidar measurements from Ny-\u00c5lesund during ASTAR 2007","volume":"9","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-3705-2008","article-title":"Validation of aerosol and cloud layer structures from the space-borne LiDAR CALIOP using a ground-based lidar in Seoul, Korea","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Observations of surface radiative budget and stratospheric processes at Thule Air Base, Greenland","volume":"57","author":"Muscari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"33","article-title":"Theorie der horizontalen Sichtweite","volume":"12","author":"Koschmieder","year":"1925","journal-title":"Beitr. Phys. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v16i1.8885","article-title":"The parameters of atmospheric turbidity","volume":"16","year":"1964","journal-title":"Tellus"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/6\/7157\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:47:16Z","timestamp":1760215636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/6\/7157"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs70607157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70607157","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]}}}