{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T11:52:49Z","timestamp":1778845969317,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]],"date-time":"2015-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011CB707101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011CB707101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National High Technology Research and Development Program of China","award":["2013AA01A608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013AA01A608"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["41171315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41171315"]}]},{"name":"New Century Excellent Talents in University","award":["NCET-11-0394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCET-11-0394"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41301441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41301441"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014M562050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014M562050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Significant economic losses, large affected populations, and serious environmental damage caused by recurrent natural disaster events (NDE) worldwide indicate insufficiency in emergency preparedness and response. The barrier of full life cycle data preparation and information support is one of the main reasons. This paper adopts the method of integrated environmental modeling, incorporates information from existing event protocols, languages, and models, analyzes observation demands from different event stages, and forms the abstract full life cycle natural disaster event metamodel (FLCNDEM) based on meta-object facility. Then task library and knowledge base for floods are built to instantiate FLCNDEM, forming the FLCNDEM for floods (FLCNDEMF). FLCNDEMF is formalized according to Event Pattern Markup Language, and a prototype system, Natural Disaster Event Manager, is developed to assist in the template-based modeling and management. The flood in Liangzi (LZ) Lake of Hubei, China on 16 July 2010 is adopted to illustrate how to apply FLCNDEM in real scenarios. FLCNDEM-based modeling is realized, and the candidate remote sensing (RS) dataset for different observing missions are provided for LZ Lake flood. Taking the mission of flood area extraction as an example, the appropriate RS data are selected via the model of simplified general perturbation version 4, and the flood area in different phases are calculated and displayed on the map. The phase-based modeling and visualization intuitively display the spatial-temporal distribution and the evolution process of the LZ Lake flood, and it is of great significance for flood responding. In addition,  through the extension mechanism, FLCNDEM can also be applied in other environmental applications, providing important support for full life cycle information sharing and  rapid responding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70607231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]],"date-time":"2015-06-03T11:29:39Z","timestamp":1433330979000},"page":"7231-7256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["FLCNDEMF: An Event Metamodel for Flood Process Information Management under the Sensor Web Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3521-9972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nengcheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road No. 129, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Luoyu Road No. 129,  Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3202-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenying","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road No. 129, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road No. 129, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeqiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road No. 129, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Luoyu Road No. 129,  Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Guha-Sapir, D., Hoyois, P., and Belo, R. (2013). Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2012: The Numbers and Trends, CRED."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4837","DOI":"10.3390\/s150304837","article-title":"The past, present and future of cyber-physical systems: A focus on models","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Jones, E., and Botterell, A. (2005). Common Alerting Protocol (Version 1.1), OASIS."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Raymond, M., Webb, S., and Aymond, P.I. (2006). Emergency Data Exchange Language (EDXL) Distribution Element (Version 1.0), OASIS."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Aymond, P., Brooks, R., Grapes, T., Ham, G., Iannella, R., Robinson, K., Joerg, W., and Triglia, A. (2009). Emergency Data Exchange Language Resource Messaging (EDXL-RM) (Version 1.0), OASIS."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Iannella, R., and Robinson, K. (2006). Tsunami Warning Markup Language (TWML) (Version 1.0), National ICT Australia."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Sun, S., Iannella, R., and Robinson, K. (2006). Cyclone Warning Markup Language (CWML) (Version 1.0), National ICT Australia."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2004.12.010","article-title":"Developing the earthquake markup language and database with UML and XML schema","volume":"31","author":"Babaie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2013.11.001","article-title":"Development and validation of a disaster management metamodel","volume":"50","author":"Othman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2013.04.002","article-title":"Model\u2014Driven disaster management","volume":"50","author":"Othman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"ReliefWeb. Available online: http:\/\/sites.tufts.edu\/jha\/files\/2011\/04\/a193.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"W3C Incubator Group Report. Available online: http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2005\/Incubator\/eiif\/XGR-Framework-20090806\/#ack."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scherp, A., Franz, T., Saathoff, C., and Staab, S. (2009, January 1\u20134). F\u2014A model of events based on the foundational ontology dolce + DnS ultralight. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Knowledge Capture, ACM, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1597735.1597760"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1504\/IJEM.2008.019906","article-title":"A conceptual model of disasters encompassing multiple stakeholder domains","volume":"5","author":"Kruchten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Sanjay, J., and McLean, C. (2003, January 7\u201310). A framework for modeling and simulation for emergency response. Proceedings of the 2003 Winter Simulation Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2009.10.010","article-title":"SEMA4A: An ontology for emergency notification systems accessibility","volume":"37","author":"Malizia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s101150200012","article-title":"A knowledge management framework for the support of decision making in humanitarian assistance\/disaster relief","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Knowl. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0957-4174(00)00057-9","article-title":"Knowledge-based models for emergency management systems","volume":"20","author":"Serrano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-5805(01)00086-3","article-title":"Computer-Aided DSS for Hillside Safety Monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-004-0785-x","article-title":"Computer-based model for flood evacuation emergency planning","volume":"34","author":"Slobodan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2012.09.006","article-title":"Integrated environmental modeling: A vision and roadmap for the future","volume":"39","author":"Laniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2012.09.004","article-title":"Thematic issue on the future of integrated modeling science and technology preface","volume":"39","author":"Laniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2012.07.006","article-title":"The simple script wrapper for OpenMI: Enabling interdisciplinary modeling studies","volume":"39","author":"Bulatewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2014.01.014","article-title":"A heterogeneous sensor web node meta-model for the management of a flood monitoring system","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2011.12.006","article-title":"A fully automated and integrated multi-scale forecasting scheme for emergency preparedness","volume":"39","author":"Akbar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"80","article-title":"Sensor webs","volume":"23","author":"Delin","year":"1999","journal-title":"NASA Tech Briefs"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.3390\/s110302652","article-title":"New generation sensor web enablement","volume":"11","author":"Echterhoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Everding, T., and Echterhoff, J. (2008). Event Pattern Markup Language (EML) (Version: 0.3.0) 08-132, Open Geospatial Consortium."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2198616","article-title":"A Sharable and interoperable meta-model for atmospheric satellite sensors and observations","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"OMG\u2019s MetaObject Facility. Available online: http:\/\/www.omg.org\/mof\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Overbeek, J.F. (2006). Meta Object Facility (MOF): Investigation of the State of the Art. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Twente]."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"ISO Standard. Available online: http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/iso_catalogue\/catalogue_tc\/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=32554."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2013.01.013","article-title":"Active on-demand service method based on event-driven architecture for geospatial data retrieval","volume":"56","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2293174","article-title":"A dynamic observation capability index for quantitatively pre-evaluating diverse optical imaging satellite sensors","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallado, D.A., Crawford, P., Hujsak, R., and Kelso, T.S. (2006, January 21\u201324). Revisiting Spacetrack Report No. 3. Proceedings of the AAIA\/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Keystone, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2006-6753"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2008.12.001","article-title":"A flexible geospatial sensor observation service for diverse sensor data based on web service","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2013.03.008","article-title":"A direct registry service method for sensors and algorithms based on the process model","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/6\/7231\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:47:21Z","timestamp":1760215641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/6\/7231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs70607231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70607231","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]]}}}