{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:12:26Z","timestamp":1780395146466,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]],"date-time":"2015-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41201483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41201483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61301277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61301277"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41271452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41271452"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Scientific Research and Development Funding Program","award":["ZDSY20121019111146499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDSY20121019111146499"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Scientific Research and Development Funding Program","award":["JSGG20121026111056204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSGG20121026111056204"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Dedicated Funding of Strategic Emerging Industry Development Program","award":["JCYJ20121019111128765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20121019111128765"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In environments that are hostile to Global Navigation Satellites Systems (GNSS), the precision achieved by a mobile light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system (MLS) can deteriorate into the sub-meter or even the meter range due to errors in the positioning and orientation system (POS). This paper proposes a novel least squares collocation (LSC)-based method to improve the accuracy of the MLS in these hostile environments. Through a thorough consideration of the characteristics of POS errors, the proposed LSC-based method effectively corrects these errors using LiDAR control points, thereby improving the accuracy of the MLS. This method is also applied to the calibration of misalignment between the laser scanner and the POS. Several datasets from different scenarios have been adopted in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results from experiments indicate that this method would represent a significant improvement in terms of the accuracy of the MLS in environments that are essentially hostile to GNSS and is also effective regarding the calibration of misalignment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70607402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]],"date-time":"2015-06-03T11:29:39Z","timestamp":1433330979000},"page":"7402-7424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Least Squares Collocation Method for Accuracy Improvement of Mobile LiDAR Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Qingzhou","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, No.129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, No.129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial-temporal Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, No.3688 Nanhai Road, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingquan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, No.129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0866-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingwu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, No.129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9364-1784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianwei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.135, West XinGang Road, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Hi-Target Cloud Corporation, The New Technology Development Zone, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaojun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Transport Studies (CTS), Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Washington","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Transport Studies (CTS), Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanlu","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Hi-Target Cloud Corporation, The New Technology Development Zone, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.73.4.385","article-title":"Improvement of lidar data accuracy using lidar-specific ground targets","volume":"73","author":"Csanyi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photogramm. 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