{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T08:38:26Z","timestamp":1772440706619,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]],"date-time":"2015-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dongting Lake, the second largest freshwater lake in China, is well known for its rapid seasonal fluctuations in inundation extents in the middle reach of the Yangtze River, and it is also the lake most affected by the Three Gorges Project. Significant inter-annual and seasonal variations in flood inundations were observed from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) time-series imagery between 2000 and 2012 in the Dongting Lake. Results demonstrated that temporal changes in inundation extents derived from MODIS data were accordant with variations in annual and monthly precipitation and runoff data. Spatial and temporal dynamics of some related parameters of flood regime were analyzed as well, which included flood inundation probability, duration and start\/end date of the annual largest flood. Large areas with high flood inundation probability were identified in 2000 and 2002, but relatively small regions with great flood inundation probability occurred in 2001, 2006, and 2011. Long flood durations were observed in  2000, 2002, 2008, 2010, and 2012, whereas short flood durations occurred in 2001, 2006, and 2011. Correlation analysis techniques were applied to explore spatial-temporal relationships between parameters associated with flood regime and wetland landscape patterns from 2000 to 2012. In addition, this paper presented comprehensive discussions on development of related parameters of flood regime and their influences on wetland landscape pattern after impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir, changes in wetland landscape patterns after the flood period, and the role of flooding in wetland evolution and vegetation succession. These results can provide scientific guidance and baseline data for wetland management and long-term monitoring of wetland ecological environment in the Dongting Lake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70607494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]],"date-time":"2015-06-05T10:23:07Z","timestamp":1433499787000},"page":"7494-7520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Monitoring Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Flood Regimes and Their Relation to Wetland Landscape Patterns in Dongting Lake from MODIS Time-Series Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Yanxia","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinliang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengpeng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1438-8677.1993.tb00718.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of vegetation succession: A review of concepts and perspectives","volume":"42","author":"Andel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Neerl."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"684","article-title":"Effects of Three-Gorge Project on succession of wetland vegetation in Dongting Lake","volume":"29","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. Agric. Mod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2008.05.009","article-title":"Monitoring rapid vegetation succession in estuarine wetland using time series MODIS-based indicators: An application in the Yangtze River Delta area","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-011-9910-6","article-title":"Mechanism of the plant community succession process in the Zhenjiang Waterfront Wetland","volume":"212","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2013.05.001","article-title":"A five year study of floristic succession in a restored urban wetland","volume":"61","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, J., Fryirs, K., and Leishman, M.R. (2014). Can the regeneration of vegetation from riparian seed banks support biogeomorphic succession and the geomorphic geomorphic recovery of degraded river channels?. River Res. Appl.","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.2778"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.1268","article-title":"Understanding wetland plant dynamics in response to water table changes through ecohydrological modelling","volume":"6","author":"Palanisamy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-3780(02)00008-0","article-title":"Increased crop damage in the US from excess precipitation under climate change","volume":"12","author":"Rosenzweig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Global Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1890\/02-740","article-title":"Plant hormones regulate fast shoot elongation under water from genes to communities","volume":"85","author":"Voesenek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"36","article-title":"Changes in wetland landscape patterns: A review","volume":"24","author":"Bai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Progr. Geog."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-9715(88)90029-4","article-title":"A simulation model of hydrology and nutrient dynamics in wetlands","volume":"12","author":"Broen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01868311","article-title":"Hydrologic analysis for coastal wetland restoration","volume":"13","author":"Coates","year":"1989","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"331","article-title":"Correlation between hydrological situation and vegetation in Mount Beigu wetland","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Jiangsu Univ."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"215","article-title":"Effects of store water application of the three gorges reservoir on Yangtze River on water and sediment characteristics in the Dongting Lake","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"117","article-title":"Research on water and sediment transport characteristics downstream the Three Gorges Reservoir before and after its impoundment","volume":"30","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydroelectr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Dongting Lake and Three Gorges Project","volume":"43","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Yangtze River"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"132","article-title":"Water storage effects of Three Gorges Project on water regime of Poyang Lake","volume":"31","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydroelectr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"922","article-title":"Changes of landscape structure in Dongting Lake wetlands and the evaluation on impacts from operation of the three gorges project","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Yangtze Basin Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(1997)007[0236:RHARWA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"River hydrology and riparian wetlands: A predictive model for ecological assembly","volume":"7","author":"Toner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Mitsch, W.J. (1994). Global Wetlands: Old World and New, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Mitsch, W.J. (1994). Global Wetlands: Old World and New, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Mitsch, W.J. (1994). Global Wetlands: Old World and New, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"967","article-title":"Study on the effects on wetlands in flooded area caused by transportation of sediment in floodwater","volume":"4","author":"Duan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"136","article-title":"Review of flood effect on wetland system","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Wetland Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6628","DOI":"10.5846\/stxb201110041448","article-title":"MODIS-based analysis of wetland area responses to hydrological processes in the Dongting Lake","volume":"32","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"You, H.L. (2014). Research on Effect of Water Regime on the Growth and Spatial Pattern of Wetland Vegetation in Poyang Lake. [Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2747\/1548-1603.41.4.301","article-title":"Bathymetric mapping using IKONOS multispectral data","volume":"41","author":"Mishra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gisci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3189\/002214310791968557","article-title":"Synthesizing multiple remote-sensing techniques for subglacial hydrologic mapping: Application to a lake system beneath MacAyeal Ice Stream, West Antarctica","volume":"56","author":"Fricker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2011.03.016","article-title":"Flood mapping with remote sensing and hydrochemistry: A new method to distinguish the origin of flood water during floods","volume":"37","author":"Chormanski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.039","article-title":"The accuracy of sequential aerial photography and SAR data for observing urban flood dynamics, a case study of the UK summer 2007 floods","volume":"115","author":"Schumann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-10-00174.1","article-title":"Remote sensing of wetlands: Case studies comparing practical techniques","volume":"27","author":"Klemas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coastal Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.019","article-title":"Remote sensing of suspended sediment concentration and hydrologic connectivity in a complex wetland environment","volume":"129","author":"Long","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020687","article-title":"Flood mapping and flood dynamics of the Mekong delta: Envisat-ASAR-WSM based time series analyses","volume":"5","author":"Kuenzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.01.011","article-title":"Detecting temporal changes in the extent of annual flooding within the Cambodia and the Vietnamese Mekong Delta from MODIS time-series imagery","volume":"109","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.01.014","article-title":"Assessment of inundation changes of Poyang Lake using MODIS observations between 2000 and 2010","volume":"121","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"350","article-title":"Mapping spatio-temporal flood inundation dynamics at large river basin scale using time-series flow data and MODIS imagery","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.08.027","article-title":"Using MODIS data to characterize seasonal inundation patterns in the Florida Everglades","volume":"112","author":"Ordoyne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"41","article-title":"Application of MODIS L1B data to water resources","volume":"4","author":"Kuai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geospatial Inf."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"923","article-title":"Application of Terra\/MODIS time series data in dynamic monitoring of lake water area variations","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"180","article-title":"The investigation on water lever of East Dongting Lake affected by Three-Gorge Reservoir","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"T. Oceanol. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"2021","article-title":"Water environmental quality properties of Dongting Lake affected by construction of the Three Gorges Project","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Long, Y. (2013). The spatial distribution and adaptability analysis of vegetation and its biomass in East Dongting Lake Wetland and the influence of Three Gorges Project. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Hunan University]."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"809","article-title":"Effects of Three Gorges Reservoir impoundment on the wetland ecosystem service value of Dongting Lake\u2019 South-Central China","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Wang, S.M., Dou, H.S., Chen, K.Z., Wang, X.C., and Jiang, J.H. (1998). The History of Chinese Lakes, Science Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"18","article-title":"Characteristics and factors of water level variations in Dongting Lake during the recent 50 years","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"South-North Water Diversion Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1086\/283244","article-title":"Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory","volume":"111","author":"Grime","year":"1977","journal-title":"Amer. Nat."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(96)10034-3","article-title":"Flooding: The survival strategies of plants","volume":"11","author":"Blom","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1139\/b96-074","article-title":"Flooding, topography, and successional age as deterninants of species diversity in old-field vegetation","volume":"74","author":"Trebino","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"269","article-title":"Influence of water level gradient on plant growth reproduction and biomass allocation wetland plant species","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Phytoecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009875226637","article-title":"How do depth, duration and frequency of flooding influence the establishment of wetland plant communities","volume":"147","author":"Casanova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1460","article-title":"Spatial distribution and ecological adaptability of wetland vegetation in Yellow River Delta along a water table depth gradient","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Liu, X.Z., and Ye, J.X. (2000). Jiangxi Wetlands, China Forestry Press. [1st ed.]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Yuan, Z.K. (2008). Resources and Environment of Wetland in Dongting Lake, Hunan Normal University Press. [1st ed.]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"NASA EOSDIS, NASA\u2019s Earth Observing System Data and Information System, Available online: https:\/\/reverb.echo.nasa.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"MODIS Reprojection Tool, Available online: https:\/\/lpdaac.usgs.gov\/tools\/modis_reprojection_tool\/."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698215748","article-title":"Review article Multisensor image fusion in remote sensing: Concepts, methods and applications","volume":"19","author":"Pohl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"USGS Landsat Missions, Available online: http:\/\/landsat.usgs.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Changjiang Water Resources Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources The bulletin of the Sediments. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2014.10.002","article-title":"Monitoring wetland vegetation pattern response to water-level change resulting from the Three Gorges Project in the two largest freshwater lakes of China","volume":"74","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00037-8","article-title":"Designing a spectral index to estimate vegetation water content from remote sensing data: Part 1. Theoretical approach","volume":"82","author":"Ceccato","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.04.006","article-title":"Extending satellite remote sensing to local scales: Land and water resource monitoring using high-resolution imagery","volume":"88","author":"Sawaya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.029","article-title":"Automated Water Extraction Index: A new technique for surface water mapping using Landsat imagery","volume":"140","author":"Feyisa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Deering, D.W. (1978). Rangeland Reflectance Characteristics Measured by Aircraft and Spacecraft Sensors. [Ph.D. Thesis, Texas A&M University]."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948714","article-title":"The use of the normalized difference water index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features","volume":"17","author":"McFeeters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600589179","article-title":"Modification of normalized difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.05.012","article-title":"A novel ocean color index to detect floating algae in the global oceans","volume":"113","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"267","article-title":"Influence of waterbody types on threshold of waterbody area extraction using remote sensing technology","volume":"18","author":"Jian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Tippet, J.T. (1965). Optical and Electro-Optical Information Processing, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/10106040608542399","article-title":"Vegetation indices: Advances made in biomass estimation and vegetation monitoring in the last 30 years","volume":"21","author":"Silleos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Rouse, J.W., Haas, R.W., Schell, J.A., Deering, D.W., and Harlan, J.C. Monitoring the Vernal Advancement and Retrogradation (Green Wave Effect) of Natural Vegetation, Available online: http:\/\/ntrs.nasa.gov\/archive\/nasa\/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov\/19730017588.pdf."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Zhao, Y.S. (2003). Principles and Methods of the Application of Remote Sensing, Science Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"103","article-title":"Research on the variations of the water and sediment for recent 50 years in the Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake area","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Res. Soil Water Conserv."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/6\/7494\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:47:31Z","timestamp":1760215651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/6\/7494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs70607494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70607494","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]]}}}