{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T10:25:26Z","timestamp":1776335126319,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]],"date-time":"2015-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land subsidence is a worldwide problem that is typically caused by human activities, primarily the removal of groundwater. In Western Taiwan, groundwater has been pumped for industrial, residential, agricultural, and aquacultural uses for over 40 years. In this study, a multisensor monitoring system comprising GPS stations, leveling surveys, monitoring wells, and Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar  (PS-InSAR) was employed to monitor land subsidence in Western Taiwan. The results indicate that land subsidence in Yunlin County was mainly affected by the compaction of subsurface soils and over-pumping of groundwater from deep soils. The study area comprised western foothills, characterized by sediments containing predominantly gravel, and coastal areas, where clay was predominant. The subsidence in coastal areas was more severe than that in the western foothills, as a result of groundwater removal. An additional factor affecting subsidence was the compaction of deep layers caused by deep groundwater removal and the deep-layer compaction was difficult to recover. Based on multisensor monitoring results, severe subsidence is mainly affected by compaction of subsurface soils, over-pumping of groundwater from deep soils, and deep soil compaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70608202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]],"date-time":"2015-06-19T10:23:33Z","timestamp":1434709413000},"page":"8202-8223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Observing Land Subsidence and Revealing the Factors  That Influence It Using a Multi-Sensor Approach  in Yunlin County, Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Wei-Chen","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, No. 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"},{"name":"LIDAR Technology Co., Ltd., 13F-3, No.32, Gaotie 2nd Rd., Zhubei City, Hsinchu 302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hung-Cheng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIDAR Technology Co., Ltd., 13F-3, No.32, Gaotie 2nd Rd., Zhubei City, Hsinchu 302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuan-Tsung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Informatics, Ming Hsin University of Science and Technology, No.1, Xinxing Rd., Xinfeng, Hsinchu 304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"En-Kai","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIDAR Technology Co., Ltd., 13F-3, No.32, Gaotie 2nd Rd., Zhubei City, Hsinchu 302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-King","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIDAR Technology Co., Ltd., 13F-3, No.32, Gaotie 2nd Rd., Zhubei City, Hsinchu 302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8100-5529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuei-An","family":"Liou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, No.300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galloway, D.L., Jones, D.R., and Ingebritsen, S.E. (1999). Land Subsidence in the United States, U.S. Geological Survey.","DOI":"10.3133\/cir1182"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1999)027<0483:STUADO>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Sensing the ups and downs of Las Vegas: InSAR reveals structural control of land subsidence and aquifer-system deformation","volume":"27","author":"Amelung","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1029\/2000WR900404","article-title":"Seasonal subsidence and rebound in Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, observed by synthetic aperture radar interferometry","volume":"37","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motagh, M., Walter, T.R., Sharifi, M.A., Fielding, E., Schenk, A., Anderssohn, J., and Zschau, J. (2008). Land subsidence in Iran caused by widespread water reservoir overexploitation. Geophys. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL033814"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011144602064","article-title":"Land Subsidence of Jakarta (Indonesia) and its Geodetic Monitoring System","volume":"23","author":"Hasanuddin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-009-0139-9","article-title":"Monitoring severe aquifer-system compaction and land subsidence in Taiwan using multiple sensors: Yunlin, the southern Choushui River Alluvial Fan","volume":"59","author":"Hung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.11.007","article-title":"Surface deformation from persistent scatterers SAR interferometry and fusion with leveling data: A case study over the Choushui River Alluvial Fan, Taiwan","volume":"115","author":"Hung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Hsu, W.C., Liu, J.K., Liou, Y.A., Wu, M.C., Hwang, J. T., Hsieh, C.S., Tsai, C.R., and Zakharov, A.I. (2011). Multi-Sensor Observations of Land Subsidence in Taipei, Changhua, and Yunlin Areas, Water Resources Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Hsu, W.C., Liu, J.K., Lin, T. Y., Liou, Y.A., Wu, M.C., Hwang, J. T., Tsai, C.R., and Wu, J.H. (2012). Multi-Sensor Observations of Land Subsidence in Taipei, Changhua, and Yunlin Areas, Water Resources Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crte.2005.05.012","article-title":"Estimation of subsidence using GPS measurements, and related hazard: The Pingtung Plain, southwestern Taiwan","volume":"337","author":"Hou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comptes Rendu Geosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2012.08.009","article-title":"Assessments of serious anthropogenic land subsidence in Yunlin County of central Taiwan from 1996 to 1999 by Persistent Scatterers InSAR","volume":"578","author":"Tung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Chiang, C.J., Lai, T.C., Lai, T.H., Huang, C.C., Fei, L.Y., Hou, C.S., Chen, J.E., Chen, L.C., Lu, S.Y., and Chou, S.C. (1999). Hydrogeological Survey Report of Chosui River Watershed, Central Geological Survey."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Dach, R., Hugentobler, U., Fridez, P., and Meindl, M. (2007). Bernese GPS Software, Astronomical Institute University of Bern."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"191","article-title":"A study on the relationship between seasonal tropospheric variation and positioning accuracy by GPS","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L23809","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL035929","article-title":"Impact of surface meteorological measurements on GPS height determination","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.814657","article-title":"Linear and nonlinear terrain deformation maps from a reduced set of interferometric SAR images","volume":"41","author":"Mora","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"171","article-title":"Improved PS-InSAR Algorithm for Determining Subsidence in Central Taiwan","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Photogramm Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Yang, J.S. (2011). An improved PS-InSAR Approach. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University]."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Hung, C.J. (2012). Establishing a Horizontal Velocity Model of Taiwan Using GPS Observations and the Least-squares Collocation Technique. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6011","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JF000055","article-title":"Prospecting for horizontal surface displacements in Antelope Valley, California, using satellite radar interferometry","volume":"108","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Earth Surface"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Kung, C.S. (2007). Conjunctive Use of Surface and Groundwater in Cho-Shui Creek Fan Study and Evaluation on Water Utilization Measures, Water Resources Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs Taiwan."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/6\/8202\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:48:10Z","timestamp":1760215690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/6\/8202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs70608202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70608202","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]]}}}