{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T17:45:09Z","timestamp":1770486309268,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,25]],"date-time":"2015-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) capability to detect slow deformation over terrain areas is limited by temporal decorrelation, geometric decorrelation and atmospheric artefacts. Multitemporal InSAR methods such as Persistent Scatterer  (PS-InSAR) and Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) have been developed to deal with various aspects of decorrelation and atmospheric problems affecting InSAR observations. Nevertheless, the applicability of both PS-InSAR and SBAS in mountainous regions is still challenging. Correct phase unwrapping in both methods is hampered due to geometric decorrelation in particular when using C-band SAR data for deformation analysis. In this paper, we build upon the SBAS method implemented in StaMPS software and improved the technique, here called ISBAS, to assess tectonic and volcanic deformation in the center of the Alborz Mountains in Iran using both Envisat and ALOS SAR data. We modify several aspects within the chain of the processing including: filtering prior to phase unwrapping, topographic correction within three-dimensional phase unwrapping, reducing the atmospheric noise with the help of additional GPS data, and removing the ramp caused by ionosphere turbulence and\/or orbit errors to better estimate crustal deformation in this tectonically active region. Topographic correction is done within the three-dimensional unwrapping in order to improve the phase unwrapping process, which is in contrast to previous methods in which DEM error is estimated before\/after phase unwrapping. Our experiments show that our improved SBAS approach is able to better characterize the tectonic and volcanic deformation in the center of the Alborz region than the classical SBAS. In particular, Damavand volcano shows an average uplift rate of about 3 mm\/year in the year 2003\u20132010. The Mosha fault illustrates left-lateral motion that could be explained with a fault that is locked up to 17\u201318 km depths and slips with 2\u20134 mm\/year below that depth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70708323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,25]],"date-time":"2015-06-25T10:17:15Z","timestamp":1435227435000},"page":"8323-8347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["StaMPS Improvement for Deformation Analysis in Mountainous Regions: Implications for the Damavand Volcano and Mosha Fault in Alborz"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Sanaz","family":"Vajedian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying and Geomatics Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 14395-515, Iran"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Motagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Surveying and Geomatics Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 14395-515, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1744-7004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faramarz","family":"Nilfouroushan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, SE 75236 Uppsala, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-005-0005-y","article-title":"Combination of precise leveling and InSAR data to constrain source parameters of the mw = 6.5, 26 December 2003 Bam Earthquake","volume":"163","author":"Motagh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pure Appl. 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