{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T04:24:19Z","timestamp":1782015859930,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":274,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,11]],"date-time":"2015-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAR-1013843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAR-1013843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-14-1-0114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-14-1-0114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Funds of China","award":["41376120 and 41401413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41376120 and 41401413"]}]},{"name":"European Union Programme Erasmus Mundus External Cooperation Window - Lot 14 - China"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple stable states are established in coastal tidal wetlands (marshes, mangroves, deltas, seagrasses) by ecological, hydrological, and geomorphological feedbacks. Catastrophic shifts between states can be induced by gradual environmental change or by disturbance events. These feedbacks and outcomes are key to the sustainability and resilience of vegetated coastlines, especially as modulated by human activity, sea level rise, and climate change. Whereas multiple stable state theory has been invoked to model salt marsh responses to sediment supply and sea level change, there has been comparatively little empirical verification of the theory for salt marshes or other coastal wetlands. Especially lacking is long-term evidence documenting if or how stable states are established and maintained at ecosystem scales. Laboratory and field-plot studies are informative, but of necessarily limited spatial and temporal scope. For the purposes of long-term, coastal-scale monitoring, remote sensing is the best viable option. This review summarizes the above topics and highlights the emerging promise and challenges of using remote sensing-based analyses to validate coastal wetland dynamic state theories. This significant opportunity is further framed by a proposed list of scientific advances needed to more thoroughly develop the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70810184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,11]],"date-time":"2015-08-11T10:38:57Z","timestamp":1439289537000},"page":"10184-10226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Multiple Stable States and Catastrophic Shifts in Coastal Wetlands: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities in Validating Theory Using Remote Sensing and Other Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Kevan","family":"Moffett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Nardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5114-8633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Silvestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2000, Belgium"},{"name":"Satellite Environment Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Beijing 100035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stijn","family":"Temmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2000, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"USGS Delta Research and Global Observation Network (DRAGON), Available online: http:\/\/deltas.usgs.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43542","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043542","article-title":"A. 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