{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T06:24:08Z","timestamp":1762323848488,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]],"date-time":"2015-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study proposes a method to recognize fa\u00e7ades from large-scale urban scenes based on multi-level image features utilizing a recently developed oblique aerial photogrammetry technique. The method involves the use of multi-level image features, a bottom-up feature extraction procedure to produce regions of interest through monoscopic analysis, and then a coarse-to-fine feature matching strategy to characterise and match the regions in a stereoscopic model. Feature extraction from typical urban Manhattan scenes is based on line segments. Windows are re-organised based on the spatial constraints of line segments and the homogeneous structure of the spectrum. Fa\u00e7ades as regions of interest are successfully constructed with a remarkable single edge and evidence from windows to get rid of occlusion. Feature matching is hierarchically performed beginning from distinctive facades and regularly distributed windows to the sub-pixel point primitives. The proposed strategy can effectively solve ambiguity and multi-solution problems in the complex urban scene matching process, particularly repetitive and poor-texture fa\u00e7ades in oblique view.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70810562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]],"date-time":"2015-08-18T10:31:11Z","timestamp":1439893871000},"page":"10562-10588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Building Fa\u00e7ade Recognition Using Oblique Aerial Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Xiucheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Peking University,  Beijing 100871, China"}]},{"given":"Xuebin","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Peking University,  Beijing 100871, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Peking University,  Beijing 100871, China"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Peking University,  Beijing 100871, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Peking University,  Beijing 100871, China"}]},{"given":"Qiming","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, Peking University,  Beijing 100871, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.11.003","article-title":"An automatic mosaicking method for building fa\u00e7ade texture mapping using a monocular close-range image sequence","volume":"65","author":"Kang","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS J. 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