{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T05:19:52Z","timestamp":1775279992592,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-resolution sensor Surface Reflectance (SR) data are affected by surface anisotropy but are difficult to adjust because of the low temporal frequency of the acquisitions and the low angular sampling. This paper evaluates five high spatial resolution Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) adjustment techniques. The evaluation is based on the noise level of the SR Time Series (TS) corrected to a normalized geometry (nadir view, 45\u00b0 sun zenith angle) extracted from the multi-angular acquisitions of SPOT4 over three study areas (one in Arizona, two in France) during the five-month SPOT4 (Take5) experiment. Two uniform techniques (Cst, for Constant, and Av, for Average), relying on the Vermote\u2013Justice\u2013Br\u00e9on (VJB) BRDF method, assume no variation in space of the BRDF shape. Two methods (VI-dis, for NDVI-based disaggregation and LC-dis, for Land-Cover based disaggregation) are based on disaggregation of the MODIS-derived BRDF VJB parameters using vegetation index and land cover, respectively. The last technique (LUM, for Look-Up Map) relies on the MCD43 MODIS BRDF products and a crop type data layer. The VI-dis technique produced the lowest level of noise corresponding to the most effective adjustment: reduction from directional to normalized SR TS noises by 40% and 50% on average, for red and near-infrared bands, respectively. The uniform techniques displayed very good results, suggesting that a simple and uniform BRDF-shape assumption is good enough to adjust the BRDF in such geometric configuration (the view zenith angle varies from nadir to 25\u00b0). The most complex techniques relying on land cover (LC-dis and LUM) displayed contrasting results depending on the land cover.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70912057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]],"date-time":"2015-09-21T02:25:40Z","timestamp":1442802340000},"page":"12057-12075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Evaluation of Medium Spatial Resolution BRDF-Adjustment Techniques Using Multi-Angular SPOT4 (Take5) Acquisitions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Claverie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Vermote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0593-7874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belen","family":"Franch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Hagolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESBIO, Unit\u00e9 mixte CNES-CNRS-IRD-UPS, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse Cedex 4 31401, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Kadiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESBIO, Unit\u00e9 mixte CNES-CNRS-IRD-UPS, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse Cedex 4 31401, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Masek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4282","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001094","article-title":"Analysis of hot spot directional signatures measured from space","volume":"107","author":"Breon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1109\/36.841980","article-title":"An algorithm for the retrieval of albedo from space using semiempirical BRDF models","volume":"38","author":"Lucht","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00091-3","article-title":"First operational BRDF, albedo nadir reflectance products from MODIS","volume":"83","author":"Schaaf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1109\/36.701027","article-title":"Techniques for the retrieval of aerosol properties over land and ocean using multiangle imaging","volume":"36","author":"Martonchik","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.06.008","article-title":"Variability of biome reflectance directional signatures as seen by polder","volume":"98","author":"Bacour","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2005977","article-title":"Towards a generalized approach for correction of the BRDF effect in MODIS directional reflectances","volume":"47","author":"Vermote","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.11.026","article-title":"Sentinel-2: ESA\u2019s optical high-resolution mission for GMES operational services","volume":"120","author":"Drusch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"0425","article-title":"A merged surface reflectance product from the Landsat and Sentinel-2 missions","volume":"1","author":"Vermote","year":"2013","journal-title":"AGU Fall Meet. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.03.009","article-title":"Multi-temporal MODIS-Landsat data fusion for relative radiometric normalization, gap filling, and prediction of Landsat data","volume":"112","author":"Roy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2042281","article-title":"An evaluation of the use of atmospheric and BRDF correction to standardize Landsat data","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.019","article-title":"An algorithm for the retrieval of 30-m snow-free albedo from Landsat surface reflectance and MODIS BRDF","volume":"115","author":"Shuai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.07.019","article-title":"Intercomparison of Landsat albedo retrieval techniques and evaluation against in situ measurements across the USA surfrad network","volume":"152","author":"Franch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.10.017","article-title":"An anisotropic flat index (AFX) to derive BRDF archetypes from MODIS","volume":"141","author":"Jiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4480","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2343592","article-title":"Angular effects and correction for medium resolution sensors to support crop monitoring","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sel. Top. IEEE J. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00087-1","article-title":"The MODIS land product quality assessment approach","volume":"83","author":"Roy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2243457","article-title":"Use of in situ and airborne multiangle data to assess MODIS- and Landsat-based estimates of directional reflectance and albedo","volume":"51","author":"Roman","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00205-4","article-title":"Narowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo. I algorithms","volume":"76","author":"Liang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.06.025","article-title":"Correction of MODIS surface reflectance time series for BRDF effects","volume":"125","author":"Breon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(90)90019-I","article-title":"Bidirectional reflectance factors of agricultural targets\u2014A comparison of ground-based, aircraft-based, and satellite-based observations","volume":"32","author":"Pinter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagolle, O., Sylvander, S., Huc, M., Claverie, M., Clesse, D., Dechoz, C., Lonjou, V., and Poulain, V. (2015). Spot4 (take5): Simulation of Sentinel-2 time series on 45 large sites. Remote Sens., submitted.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70912242"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.06.008","article-title":"The impact of gridding artifacts on the local spatial properties of MODIS data: Implications for validation, compositing, and band-to-band registration across resolutions","volume":"105","author":"Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7549","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2313842","article-title":"Retrieval of surface albedo on a daily basis: Application to MODIS data","volume":"52","author":"Franch","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.08.030","article-title":"Evaluation of the Landsat-5 tm and Landsat-7 ETM+ surface reflectance products","volume":"169","author":"Claverie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.027","article-title":"Validation of coarse spatial resolution LAI and FAPAR time series over cropland in southwest France","volume":"139","author":"Claverie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.019","article-title":"Comparison of different BRDF correction methods to generate daily normalized MODIS 250 m time series","volume":"140","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20455","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD01411","article-title":"A bidirectional reflectance model of the earths surface for the correction of remote-sensing data","volume":"97","author":"Roujean","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1109\/36.134078","article-title":"Geometric-optical bidirectional reflectance modeling of the discrete crown vegetation canopy\u2014Effect of crown shape and mutual shadowing","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8763","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00089","article-title":"Expected retrieval accuracies of bidirectional reflectance and albedo from Eos-MODIS and MISR angular sampling","volume":"103","author":"Lucht","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5622","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2291496","article-title":"Estimation of effective resolution for daily MODIS gridded surface reflectance products","volume":"52","author":"Campagnolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4638","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2405344","article-title":"Measuring the directional variations of land surface reflectance from MODIS","volume":"53","author":"Breon","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00085-8","article-title":"Achieving sub-pixel geolocation accuracy in support of MODIS land science","volume":"83","author":"Wolfe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) Cropland Data Layer (CDL), Available online: http:\/\/www.nass.usda.gov\/research\/Cropland\/SARS1a.htm."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Sp\u00e4th, H. (1986). Cluster Dissection and Analysis: Theory, FORTRAN Programs, Examples, Prentice-Hall, Inc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70302668","article-title":"A multi-temporal and multi-spectral method to estimate aerosol optical thickness over land, for the atmospheric correction of formosat-2, Landsat, ven\u03bcs and Sentinel-2 images","volume":"7","author":"Hagolle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.08.016","article-title":"Correction of aerosol effects on multi-temporal images acquired with constant viewing angles: Application to formosat-2 images","volume":"112","author":"Hagolle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.01.028","article-title":"Wheat leaf bidirectional reflectance measurements: Description and quantification of the volume, specular and hot-spot scattering features","volume":"121","author":"Comar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/9\/12057\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:48:51Z","timestamp":1760215731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/9\/12057"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs70912057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70912057","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]}}}