{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:24:41Z","timestamp":1760243081806,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]],"date-time":"2015-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperspectral remote-sensing techniques offer an efficient procedure for mineral mapping, with a unique hyperspectral remote-sensing fingerprint in the longwave infrared spectral region enabling identification of the most abundant minerals in the continental crust\u2014quartz and feldspars. This ability was examined by acquiring airborne data with the AisaOWL sensor over the Makhtesh Ramon area in Israel. The at-sensor radiance measured from each pixel in a longwave infrared image represents the emissivity, expressing chemical and physical properties such as surface mineralogy, and the atmospheric contribution which is expressed differently during the day and at night. Therefore, identifying similar features in day and night radiance enabled identifying the major minerals in the surface\u2014quartz, silicates (feldspars and clay minerals), gypsum and carbonates\u2014and mapping their spatial distribution. Mineral identification was improved by applying the radiance of an in situ surface that is featureless for minerals but distinctive for the atmospheric contribution as a gain spectrum to each pixel in the image, reducing the atmospheric contribution and emphasizing the mineralogical features. The results were in agreement with the mineralogy of selected rock samples collected from the study area as derived from laboratory X-ray diffraction analysis. The resulting mineral map of the major minerals in the surface was in agreement with the geological map of the area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70912282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]],"date-time":"2015-09-21T10:17:32Z","timestamp":1442830652000},"page":"12282-12296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Mineral Classification of Makhtesh Ramon in Israel  Using Hyperspectral Longwave Infrared (LWIR)  Remote-Sensing Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Gila","family":"Notesco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Laboratory, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaron","family":"Ogen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Laboratory, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"Ben-Dor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Laboratory, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00127-X","article-title":"Lithologic mapping in the Mountain Pass, California area using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data","volume":"84","author":"Rowan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00186-4","article-title":"SEBASS hyperspectral thermal infrared data: Surface emissivity measurement and mineral mapping","volume":"85","author":"Vaughan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.11.020","article-title":"Mapping variations in weight percent silica measured from multispectral thermal infrared imagery\u2014Examples from the Hiller Mountains, Nevada, USA and Tres Virgenes-La Reforma, Baja California Sur, Mexico","volume":"95","author":"Hook","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.06.009","article-title":"Detecting lithology with Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) multispectral thermal infrared \u201cradiance-at-sensor\u201d data","volume":"99","author":"Ninomiya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4113265","article-title":"Applicability of the thermal infrared spectral region for the prediction of soil properties across semi-arid agricultural landscapes","volume":"4","author":"Eisele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1109\/36.700995","article-title":"A temperature and emissivity separation algorithm for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images","volume":"36","author":"Gillespie","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00207-8","article-title":"Temperature and emissivity separation from calibrated data of the digital airborne imaging spectrometer","volume":"76","author":"Coll","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2029852","article-title":"A Stepwise refining algorithm of temperature and emissivity separation for hyperspectral thermal infrared data","volume":"48","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4774","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001266","article-title":"An in-scene procedure for atmospheric compensation of thermal hyperspectral data","volume":"107","author":"Young","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evenari, M., Shanan, L., and Tadmor, N. (1982). The Negev: The Challenge of a Desert, Harvard University Press.","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674419254"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"The Specim AisaOWL System. Available online: http:\/\/www.specim.fi\/index.php\/products\/airborne\/aisaowl."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"The Israel Meteorological Service, Available online: http:\/\/www.ims.gov.il."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7005","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6087005","article-title":"Mineral classification of land surface using multispectral LWIR and hyperspectral SWIR remote-sensing data: A case study over the Sokolov Lignite Open-Pit Mines, the Czech Republic","volume":"6","author":"Notesco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"The Arizona State University Spectral Library. Available online: http:\/\/speclib.asu.edu."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(93)90013-N","article-title":"The spectral image processing system (SIPS)\u2014Interactive visualization and analysis of imaging spectrometer data","volume":"44","author":"Kruse","year":"1993","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(87)90180-6","article-title":"Rain events in an arid environment\u2014Their distribution and ionic and isotopic composition patterns: Makhtesh Ramon Basin, Israel","volume":"89","author":"Nativ","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"82","article-title":"Mineral identification using GER-II data acquired from Makhtesh Ramon\/Negev, Israel","volume":"1","author":"Kaufman","year":"1991","journal-title":"EARSeL Adv. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.1993.1016","article-title":"The density, habitat use and social organisation of Dorcas Gazelles (Gazella dorcas) in Makhtesh Ramon, Negev Desert, Israel","volume":"24","author":"Lawes","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3529","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169508954644","article-title":"Surface mineral mapping of Makhtesh Ramon Negev, Israel using GER 63 channel scanner data","volume":"16","author":"Kruse","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Anker, Y., Ben Dor, E., Zelikman, E., Karnieli, A., and Mazor, E. (2009, January 16\u201318,). Makhtesh Ramon, a super site for calibration and validation of IS sensors. Proceedings of the 6th EARSeL SIG Workshop on Imaging Spectroscopy, Tel Aviv, Israel."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2011616","article-title":"Simulation of optical remote-sensing scenes with application to the EnMAP hyperspectral mission","volume":"47","author":"Guanter","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90092-X","article-title":"Emissivity of terrestrial materials in the 8\u201314 \u03bcm atmospheric window","volume":"42","author":"Salisbury","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9735","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JE000624","article-title":"A thermal emission spectral library of rock-forming minerals","volume":"105","author":"Christensen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.11.007","article-title":"The ASTER spectral library version 2.0","volume":"113","author":"Baldridge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/9\/12282\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:48:57Z","timestamp":1760215737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/9\/12282"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs70912282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs70912282","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]]}}}