{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T15:39:47Z","timestamp":1784907587852,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,2]],"date-time":"2015-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DLR - German Space Agency","award":["50EE1309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50EE1309"]}]},{"name":"European Facility for Airborne Research","award":["EUFAR 11-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EUFAR 11-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In times of global environmental change, the sustainability of human\u2013environment systems is only possible through a better understanding of ecosystem processes. An assessment of anthropogenic environmental impacts depends upon monitoring natural ecosystems. These systems are intrinsically complex and dynamic, and are characterized by ecological gradients. Remote sensing data repeatedly collected in a systematic manner are suitable for describing such gradual changes over time and landscape gradients, e.g., through information on the vegetation\u2019s phenology. Specifically, imaging spectroscopy is capable of describing ecosystem processes, such as primary productivity or leaf water content of vegetation. Future spaceborne imaging spectroscopy missions like the Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) will repeatedly acquire high-quality data of the Earth\u2019s surface, and will thus be extremely useful for describing natural ecosystems and the services they provide. In this conceptual paper, we present some of the preparatory research of the EnMAP Scientific Advisory Group (EnSAG) on natural ecosystems and ecosystem transitions. Through two case studies we illustrate the usage of spectral indices derived from multi-date imaging spectroscopy data at EnMAP scale, for mapping vegetation gradients. We thus demonstrate the benefit of future EnMAP data for monitoring ecological gradients and natural ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71013098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,2]],"date-time":"2015-10-02T10:05:52Z","timestamp":1443780352000},"page":"13098-13119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Monitoring Natural Ecosystem and Ecological Gradients: Perspectives with EnMAP"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography Department, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, D-10099 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2103-8828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Schwieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography Department, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, D-10099 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Suess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography Department, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, D-10099 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akpona","family":"Okujeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography Department, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, D-10099 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00eanio","family":"Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divis\u00e3o de Sensoriamento Remoto, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Avenida dos Astronautas, 1758, Bairro Jardim da Granja, Caixa Postal 515, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos,  SP 12227-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6576-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography Department, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, D-10099 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Hostert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography Department, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, D-10099 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/416389a","article-title":"Ecological responses to recent climate change","volume":"416","author":"Walther","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1140170","article-title":"Domesticated nature: Shaping landscapes and ecosystems for human welfare","volume":"316","author":"Kareiva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2003.00569.x","article-title":"Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model","volume":"9","author":"Sitch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. 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