{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:25:57Z","timestamp":1760243157485,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,20]],"date-time":"2015-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Youth Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography","award":["SQ201102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SQ201102"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science for Youth Foundation","award":["41206029","41406205","41206165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41206029","41406205","41206165"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of foam influences the accuracy of satellite-derived water-leaving radiance. A model has been developed to estimate the augmented reflectance ratio (A(\u03bb,U)) due to differences in the fraction of whitecap coverage (w) on the ocean surface. A(\u03bb,U) can be calculated from the product of w and \u03c1(\u03bb,U), where \u03c1(\u03bb,U) is the augmented ratio of the reflectance of background water (Rb(\u03bb)) caused by the presence of whitecaps. Our results showed that the average A(400~700,U) in the visible region was approximately 1.3% at U = 9 m\u2219s\u22121, 2.2% at U = 10 m\u2219s\u22121, 4.4% at U = 12 m\u2219s\u22121, 7.4% at U = 14 m\u2219s\u22121, 19% at U = 19 m\u2219s\u22121 and 37.9% at U = 24 m\u2219s\u22121, making it is necessary to consider the augmented reflectance ratio for remote sensing applications. By estimating remote sensing augmented reflectance using A(\u03bb,U), it was found that the result was in good agreement with previous studies conducted in other areas with U from 9 to 12 m\u2219s\u22121. Since Rb(\u03bb) is temporally and spatially variable, our model considered the variation of Rb(\u03bb), whereas existing models have assumed that Rb(\u03bb) is constant. Therefore, the proposed model is more suitable for estimating the augmented reflectance ratio due to whitecaps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71013606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,20]],"date-time":"2015-10-20T16:21:51Z","timestamp":1445358111000},"page":"13606-13625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Estimating the Augmented Reflectance Ratio of the Ocean Surface When Whitecaps Appear"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Zhantang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaohua","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuezhong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junfang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guifen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7754","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.33.007754","article-title":"Influence of oceanic whitecaps on atmospheric correction of ocean-color sensors","volume":"33","author":"Gordon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. 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